admin
（本文由海天教诲供稿）
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the co妹妹on ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C]making a comparison.
[D]explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
[C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]attentive to researchers’ instructions.
[C]nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]more generous than their male companions.
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]can be taught to exchange things.
[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]are unhappy when separated from others.
25. When can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do.
[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
名师解析
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by 第一段，作者引入主题是经由过程
[A] posing a contrast. 提出一个比照。
[B] justifying an assumption. 证实假设是准确的。
[C] making a comparison. 作出一个比力。
[D] explaining a phenomenon 诠释一个征象。
【谜底】 C
【考点】 写作伎俩题。
【阐发】 从标题入手可以节省时候，加强浏览目标性，对症下药。第一题的标题奉告咱们必要先肯定主题。如前所述，一段文章的主题一样可能就暗藏在一句关头的话中。从文章第一段讲人会由于不公允而愤慨，推导动物会不会呢？有人认为不会，可是科学钻研表白山公一样会。这就是关头句，这就是作者要会商的主题。[A]选项暗示比拟，相反或分歧，但是文章说的是猴与人雷同，以是不选。[B]选项原文提出的假设本来是人与猴纷歧样，以是这个谜底不合错误。[D]选项诠释征象，这个说法不克不及够将开首和主题的内涵接洽连系起来。
22. The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line, Paragraph l) implies that
“太山公化”(第一段最后一行)这一说法的言下之意是
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
山公也会被懒惰的竞争敌手激愤。
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
悔恨不公允也是山公的赋性。
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
山公和人同样，也会相互妒忌。
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
除山公之外，没有动物可以或许发生出如许的豪情。
【谜底】 B
【考点】 揣度题。
【阐发】 因为标题概况看上去是问一个词组的意思，以是不少人胶葛在字面意义上。现实上，考生只有先理解“all too human”然后才可以或许理解“all too monkey”。[A]选项谈到“山公也会被懒惰的竞争敌手激愤。”文章中开篇的时辰只是说人会被懒惰的竞争敌手激愤，没有说动物也会被懒惰的竞争敌手激愤，以是不选。[C]选项说“山公和人同样，也会相互妒忌。”这个选项是最大的滋扰项。在对文章颠末细心的浏览后，考生可以发明，作者的主题就是要奉告大师“对不公允的悔恨山公也会”。这个选项在水平上跨越了咱们的必要。[D]“除山公没有动物可以或许培育出如许的豪情。”这个说法如判断章取义也有可能会被错选，可是只
有连系上文的逻辑次序就可以去除这个滋扰项。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
母卷尾猴最有可能当选为钻研工具的缘由是它们
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 加倍偏向于掂量它们之所得。
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. 存眷钻研职员的引导。
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament. 有好的外表和脾性。
[D] more generous than their male companions. 比公猴加倍激昂大方。
【谜底】 A
【考点】 究竟细节题。
【阐发】 第三段第一句“Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de waal’s study.”正好答复了这个问题。考生应当当即意想到“such characteristics”指的是第二段中“They look cute(可爱). They are good-natured(脾性好), co-operative(互助)creatures, and they share their food readily(同享食品). Above all(最首要的是), like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ‘goods and services’than males.”若是考生对最后一句话细心钻研一下，就会发明这句话中的“紧密亲密存眷它们得到的工具”实在就是“掂量它们得到的工具”的意思。并且这是重要的，有“above all”为证实。这里
有一个浏览技能，即注重“such”一词。当“such”呈现在某段某句中作定语时，暗示的意思是“如斯的，如许的”。请考生务必到前文去寻觅该词的现实指代内容。切记！[B]这个意思也不错，由于文中有“cooperative”，惋惜这不是最首要的。[C]文中也提到了，可是依然不是最首要的。[D]选项是出题人本身编的。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal终极在他们的钻研中发明山公
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. 喜好葡萄赛过黄瓜。
[B] can be taught to exchange things. 可以被练习来互换工具。
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 若是感受被坑骗，就不会互助。
[D] are unhappy when separated from others. 与其他山公分手时不高兴。
【谜底】 C
【考点】 究竟细节题。
【阐发】 最后一段第二句“Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.”[A]、[B]两项是究竟，但不是结论。[D]选项是较着是毛病的。
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 从最后一段咱们可以得出甚么结论？
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
经由过程练习，山公可以培育出社会感情。
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
人类的义愤发源不肯定。
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
动物凡是象人那样公然表达本身的感情。
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
只有在野外时山公间的互助才连结不乱。
【谜底】 B
【考点】 揣度题。
【阐发】 [A]选项中把“guide”的观点掉包成“train”，意思就纷歧样了。前者暗示“指导”，后者暗示“练习”。以是不选。[C]这个说法超越了准确度不少，由于文中“Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.”只暗示“义愤非人类专有。”[D]选项也对原辞意思发生了歪曲。不是只有在野生状况下山公的互助才不乱。而是只有在山公没有上当的时辰它们才有可能不乱。[B]选项在原文中可以找到雷同的说法。“whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the co妹妹on ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.”与[B]意思同样。
难句解析：
1. Such behavior is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
【布局阐发】 在这句话内里，“such behavior”是句子主语，“with”指导一个状语，“the underlying assumption”做“with”的宾语，所谓介宾就是这个事理。“that”指导一个同位语从句。“all too human”比力难以理解，“all too”的意思就是“其实太……，很……”；而“human”是理解的难点，按照上下文可以看出，作者的意思就是“这类举动其实是具备太多人类的特性了”，言下之意就是“动物太初级了”，尚未可以或许进化出这么精巧的机制。后面呈现的“all too monkey”一样就是说“这也其实是太具备山公的特性了”。
2. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
【布局阐发】 本句的骨干是“their behavior became markedly different”，前面是“when”指导的一个时候状语从句；而这个时候状语从句中又包括着一个“so that”指导的目标状语从句，而目标状语从句中又包括着一个“what”指导的宾语从句。如许的句子表现了英语的句子特性，即句子是依照必定的逻辑，顺着作者的思绪一向写下去。
全文翻译：
所有人都喜好工资猛涨。可是若是你得悉你的同事工资涨得比你的还多，你的欢快就会云消雾散了。究竟上，这个同事若是另有偷懒的名声，那末你乃至有可能会勃然盛怒。这类举动被认为是“太人化”，其言下之意就是动物是不成能发生这类奥妙的怨尤的。可是美国佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的莎拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰斯·德瓦尔近来在《天然》上颁发了一项钻研，这项钻研认为山公也有雷同的“太山公化”的举动。
钻研职员钻研的是棕色母卷尾猴的举动。它们看起来很可爱，很友爱并且愿意互助，慢吞吞地分享食物。最首要的是，与公猴相比力，它们像人类女性同样，更偏向于存眷“商品和办事”的价值。
如许的特征使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德瓦尔抱负的钻研工具。钻研职员花了两年的时候教他们的山公把代币换成食物。凡是，山公会欢快地把岩石碎片换成黄瓜薄片。可是，当两只山公被放在零丁可是相邻的房间里，相互可以或许瞥见对方用石块换取甚么的时辰，它们的举动就大纷歧样了。
在卷尾猴看来，葡萄是豪侈品，比黄瓜更受接待。是以，当一只山公用石块换了一颗葡萄，此外一只就不肯意用它的石块去换一片黄瓜。并且，若是有一只山公不交石块就获得了葡萄，那末，另外一只山公就会将石块抛向钻研职员或抛出笼子，或回绝接管黄瓜。简直，只要另外一只笼子内里有一颗葡萄(无论有无山公吃它)，就足以引发一只母卷尾猴的怨尤。
钻研表白，卷尾猴象人类同样，受着社会感情的安排。在野外，它们是一个互相互助的群居物种。这类互助只有在每只山公都感受它没有被坑骗的环境下才可能连结不乱。感触公道的愤慨彷佛不是人类的专利。回绝接管较少的酬劳可让这些情感清晰地转达给这个群体的其他成员。但是，到底如许的公允意识是人类和卷尾猴各自构成的，仍是由于两者在3,500万年前有一个配合的先人酿成的，今朝尚未谜底。
