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◆名词、形容词和副词在语法填空中的考核
在语法填空中，对付名词的考核重要触及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格和词形变更；形容词和副词相干的词形变更和形容词和副词的比力品级考核较为频仍。
应答计谋
1.起首要弄清名词的数与格，即名词是不是该用复数，是不是要用所有格；其次，注重有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词形变更。
2.作表语(系动词以后)、定语(润饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性子状况)时，通经常使用形容词情势。注重常考动词分词的形容词化，其形容词的情势有：-ing末端的和-ed 末端的两种。
3.若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考核其比力品级或最高档；注重than或比力级的修遁词等标记性词或上下文中暗含的比力；其次还要注重一些特别句式，如：the＋比力级…，the＋比力级…，“否认词(can’t/couldn’t)＋比力级”暗示最高档等。
◆名词、形容词和副词在漫笔改错中的考核
漫笔改错中对付名词的考核最可能考核名词的数与格；其次名词的考核还会触及词形变更方面的毛病。对付形容词和副词的考核重要触及词性紊乱或错用(含-ed形容词与-ing形容词之间的误用)、修遁词错用或过剩和比力品级的误用等方面。
应答计谋
1.碰到名词起首注重区别它是可数名词仍是不成数名词；其次还可以按照名词前的润饰语或曰语动词的单复数来果断。别的，还要注重名词的所有格和名词的句法功效，果断是不是存在词性转换方面的毛病。
2.对付形容词和副词的考核，注重如下几点：
(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词；
(2)作状语，润饰动词、形容词、副词、全句，用副词；
(3)注重比力级与最高档的比力工具或范畴；单音节形容词的比力级前，不成再加more；
(4)注重many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修遁词的用法。
专题1 名词
考向1名词的数与格
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.This trend，which was started by the medical co妹妹unity(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical co妹妹unity was trying to fight. (2017·天下Ⅰ)
解析 side effect副感化，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数情势effects。
2.In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017·天下Ⅱ)
解析 crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限制词，故利用复数情势。
3.She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017·天下Ⅲ)
解析 several几个，厥后的可数名词要用复数情势。
4.Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017·浙江)
解析 a handful of一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数情势。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。
5.The nursery team switches him every few days(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·天下Ⅰ)
解析 few用来润饰可数名词复数，故谜底为days。every few days每隔几天。
6.Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016·天下Ⅱ)
解析 按照后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应当是复数情势。
7.Any smell might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.(2016·四川)
解析 句意为：任何气息均可能引来天敌——它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数情势enemies。
8.I’d skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings(painting).
(2015·天下Ⅰ)
解析 many用于润饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数情势paintings。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题唯一1处毛病)
1.The instructor kept repeating the ，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”(2017·天下Ⅰ)
解析 按照后面引号内的内容可知word应当用复数情势words。
2.Besides，they often get some useful from the Internet.(2017·天下Ⅱ)
解析 information是不成数名词，没有复数情势。
3.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain we cannot get from books.(2016·天下Ⅱ)
解析 knowledge为不成数名词，没有复数情势。
4.The teenage from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016·天下Ⅲ)
解析 此处指13～19 岁的春秋段，故用复数。
5.Mom has a full-time job，but she has to do most of the .(2016·四川)
解析 housework是不成数名词，没有复数情势。
6.The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015·天下Ⅰ)
解析 由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“氛围”，air当“氛围”讲时为不成数名词。句中的be动词is也是提醒。故把airs改成air。
7.As I told you last time，I made three new here.(2015·四川)
解析 名词friend为可数名词，其前有three润饰，必要用复数情势，故把friend改为friends。
8.My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were made of glass.(2015·浙江)
解析 名词side为可数名词，且前面有three润饰，故side要用复数情势sides。
9.When I finally arrived at my he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·新课标天下)
解析 按照句意可知，当我最后达到“我朋侪的家”(my friend’s)时，他借给我很多衣服。故friend应改成friend’s。
考向2词形变更之名词
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017·天下Ⅱ)
解析 空格前是the，厥后接名词。introduce的名词情势是introduction。
2.She is determined to carry on with her education(educate).(2017·天下Ⅲ)
解析 形容词性物主代词her应当用来润饰名词，educate的名词情势是education。
3.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top attraction(attract).(2016·天下Ⅰ)
解析 空格前有形容词和物主代词，是以要用名词情势。
4.Then，handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve).
(2016·天下Ⅱ)
解析 介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成绩感。
5.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development(develop) of chopsticks.(2016·天下Ⅲ)
解析 空前有冠词，此处利用名词作动词的宾语。
6.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015·天下Ⅱ)
解析 形容词性物主代词their以后理当用名词，故将able转化为其名词情势ability。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题唯一1处毛病)
1.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .(2016·天下Ⅰ)
解析 由句意“他乐成的关头是诚信”可知理当用名词情势。
2.This made for the in the porcelain industry.(2013·新课标天下Ⅱ)
解析 定冠词the后面应跟名词情势，故grow应改成growth。
◆名词的分类
◆名词的焦点考点
1.可数名词的数
这里重要讲其不法则变革。
(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工场)。
(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，go-between→go-betweens(中心人)，grown-up→grown-ups；passer-by→passers-by，looker-on→lookers-on；woman doctor→women doctors。
(3)只有复数情势的名词。此类名词常常以复数情势呈现，暗示“衣服”、“东西”等的总称，不克不及器具体的数字润饰，也不克不及加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of，many等润饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，jeans牛崽裤，pajamas寝衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，socks短袜，stockings长袜，trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，chopsticks筷子，compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors铰剪，scales天同等；此外一类老是以复数情势呈现，但不克不及器具体的数字润饰，也不克不及用a/an，a pair of等润饰，只能用many，a great many, a lot of等润饰。如：belongings所有物，congratulations庆祝，contents目次，earnings收入，fireworks炊火，goods商品，leavings残剩物，pains辛苦，spirits情感，savings积储，stairs楼梯，surroundings情况，wages工资，arms兵器等。
(4)团体名词的数。有些团体名词凡是只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做总体，复数看做团体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.海员人数不少(指总体)。The crew are all tired.海员们都累坏了(指个别)。
2.不成数名词的数
(1)一般说来抽象名词为不成数名词，但当抽象名词暗示详细的工具时，可用作可数名词且词义产生变革，重要类型以下：
①抽象名词暗示具备某种特征、状况、豪情情感的人或事。
②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象观点，转化为彷佛可以体验到的动作、@举%5GqU7%动或种%w7K3o%别@。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)有些物资名词是不成数名词，但暗示数目或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根鹤发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。
3.名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
the boy’s mother，the children’s toys，the teachers’ books，Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(共用)，Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms(各自的)
(2)“of＋名词”所有格
the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father
(3)两重所有格
a friend of my brother’s(＝one of my brother’s friends)，a picture of my father’s(＝one of my father’s pictures)
(4)-’s所有格的特别暗示情势有：
①用于暗示人的名词或表团体、机构的名词后，如：Tom’s home，the doctor’s，the company’s new factory等。
②用于暗示时候、间隔、代价、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。
③用于暗示国度、世界、都会等处所的名词后，如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。
(5)所有格的句法功效
①表所有瓜葛 Jack’s brother
②表主谓瓜葛 Mr Wang’s praise
③表动宾瓜葛 the famous star’s admirers
④表润饰瓜葛 a doctor’s degree
⑤表同位瓜葛(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing
4.名词的功效
(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语
Mary is to meet you at the airport.
My brother is a worker.
He bought a new book.
We made him monitor of our class.
(2)作定语
英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语润饰另外一个名词。
①分类意义
air pollution氛围污染
coffee cup咖啡杯
body language身体说话
road accident交通变乱
the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖
②时候、地址、称号等
Doctor Jack杰克大夫
Professor Li李传授
evening school夜校
winter sleep蛰伏
③表目标、来历、质料、所属意义
reception desk欢迎台
sports field田径场
stone table石桌
color TV彩电
(3)作状语
名词作状语多为表@时%5EVSe%候或间%3H91m%隔@等观点的名词。
The war lasted eight years.
(4)作同位语
Tom，our monitor，left school last year.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.He had witnessed too many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.
2.Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail).
3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this performance(perform).
4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants.
5.These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work.
6.They get advice from “strangers(strange)”.When they need advice，they don’t usually go to people they know.
7.My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine.
9.—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well，you know，English is my strength(strong).So it is my best choice.
10.I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题唯一1处毛病)
1.Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish.
2.You told me the of different plants and their characteristics.
3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before.
4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .
5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home.
6.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my .
7.We，as well as ，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.
8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per .
9.Tom was having much getting up in the morning and was always late for work.
10.It felt very strange to travel without any .
Ⅲ.语法填空(名词专练)
Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.ofthe National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were 
born in China.
Jeremy Lin has recently become 5.asuccess and attracted the world’s attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud).As we know，in most 8.people’s(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.
In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.
1.书面表达中对付复数名词易疏漏-s或-es
2.部门名词的复数变革毛病
如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。
3.部门词性易混作名词
4.可数与不成数名词混同
