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本文节选自外刊《科学》（SCIENCE ADVANCES 23 Feb 2022 Vol 8, Issue 8）Mechanism and performance relevance of nanomorphogenesis in polyamide films revealed by quantitative 3D imaging and machine learning——经由过程定量3D成像和呆板进修揭露聚酰胺薄膜中纳米形态构成的机理和机能相干性。
论文节选内容以下：
Mechanism and performance relevance of nanomorphogenesis in polyamide films revealed by quantitative 3D imaging and machine learning
经由过程定量3D成像和呆板进修揭露聚酰胺薄膜中纳米形态构成的机理和机能相干性
Biological morphogenesis has inspired many efficient strategies to diversify material structure and functionality using a fixed set of components.
生物形态产生激起了很多有用的计谋，利用一组固定的成份使质料布局和功效多样化。
However, implementation of morphogenesis concepts to design soft nanomaterials is underexplored.
但是，形态产生观点在软纳米质料设计中的利用尚未获得充实的摸索。
Here, we study nanomorphogenesis in the form of the three-dimensional (3D) crumpling of polyamide membranes used for co妹妹ercial molecular separation, through an unprecedented integration of electron tomography, reaction-diffusion theory, machine learning (ML), and liquid-phase atomic force microscopy.
在这里，咱们经由过程电子层析成像、反响分散理论、呆板进修(ML)和液相原子力显微镜的史无前例的集成，钻研了用于贸易份子分手的聚酰胺膜的三维(3D)褶皱情势的纳米形态产生。
3D tomograms show that the spatial arrangement of crumples scales with monomer concentrations in a form quantitatively consistent with a Turing instability.
三维断层扫描显示，单体浓度的褶皱标准的空间分列在定量上合适图灵不不乱性的情势。
Membrane microenvironments quantified from the nanomorphologies of crumples are combined with the Spiegler-Kedem model to accurately predict methanol permeance.
按照褶皱的纳米形态量化膜微情况，并连系Spiegler-Kedem模子，正确展望甲醇浸透。
ML classifies vastly heterogeneous crumples into just four morphology groups, exhibiting distinct mechanical properties.
ML将极不平均的褶皱分为四个形态组，表示出分歧的机器机能。
Our work forges quantitative links between synthesis and performance in polymer thin films, which can be applicable to diverse soft nanomaterials.
咱们的事情在聚合物薄膜的合成和机能之间创建了定量的接洽，可以利用于各类软纳米质料。
重点辞汇
polyamide聚酰胺
machine learning呆板进修, 呆板的进修
morphogenesis形态产生；形态建成；地貌构成感化
inspired似得神灵启迪的；似有神助的；吸入的；有灵感的
diversify分歧；多样化；多样化谋划；扩展谋划范畴；扩展（公司）谋划范畴；使（公司）谋划多样化
crumpling压皱；变皱；（crumple的如今分词）；压痕
membranes薄膜；膜；（membrane的复数）
tomography线体层拍照术；X线断层拍照术
microscopy显微镜利用；显微镜查抄
monomer单体
Morphogenesis—the emergence of structure—occurs across length scales and by diverse physical and chemical mechanisms in biological systems.
形态产生——布局的呈现——在生物体系中经由过程分歧的物理和化学机制超过长度标准产生。
Examples include the deposition of diatom frustules, differential growth during embryonic development, and the self-assembly of the cytoskeleton.
例子包含硅藻细胞的沉积、胚胎发育进程中的差别发展和细胞骨架的自组装。
A key utility of these approaches lies in the ability to generate diverse morphological phenotypes—and therefore functions—from a fixed set of components.
这些法子的一个关头用处在于可以或许从一组固定的成份中发生分歧的形态表型，从而发生分歧的功效。
Biological morphogenesis has inspired strategies to pattern synthetic crystalline “biomorphs” , hydrogels, and composites at or above the micrometer-scale.
生物形态产生激起了在微米级或微米级以上图案化合成晶体“生物形态”、水凝胶和复合质料的计谋。
However, morphogenesis at the nanoscale, especially in amorphous soft materials, is not well understood.
但是，纳米标准的形态产生，出格是在无定形的软材猜中，尚未被很好地舆解。
On the one hand, morphology quantification is challenging for these systems, because conventional ensemble structural characterization methods such as spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance measurements are not sufficient to characterize the three-dimensional (3D), nanoscale, and heterogeneous features they can exhibit.
一方面，形态量化对这些体系来讲是一个挑战，由于传统的总体布局表征法子，如光谱学和石英晶体微量天平丈量，不足以表征它们可能表示出的三维(3D)、纳米标准和异质特性。
Recent work, including our own, successfully used scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) tomography to reveal the complex inner and outer nanostructure of polymer membranes and self-assembled block copolymer architectures.
近来的事情，包含咱们本身的事情，乐成地利用扫描/透射电子显微镜(S/TEM)层析技能揭露了聚合物膜和自组装嵌段共聚物布局的繁杂内部和外部纳米布局。
However, these 3D features have not yet been quantitatively related to synthesis conditions or local material properties.
但是，这些3D特性尚未定量地与合成前提或局部质料特征相联系关系。
On the other hand, there are many theoretical models for morphogenesis—for example, based on differential growth, which is a pathway to establish macroscopic structure in plants or the digestive system —but these tend not to describe complexities that emerge when chemical reactions are involved.
另外一方面，有很多关于形态产生的理论模子，比方基于差别发展的模子，这是一种在植物或消化体系中创建宏观布局的路子，但这些模子常常没法描写触及化学反响时呈现的繁杂性。
In general, quantitative chemical models concerning molecular reactions far from equilibrium for the development of nanoscale structural features are lacking, further underscoring a need for experimental quantification of soft nanostructures for comparison.
总的来讲，对付纳米级布局特性的成长，缺少关于阔别均衡的份子反响的定量化学模子，这进一步夸大了必要对软纳米布局举行实行量化以举行比力。
重点辞汇
morphogenesis形态产生；形态建成；地
貌构成感化
diatom硅藻
embryonic胚胎的；处于萌芽状况的；处于早期的
self-assembly自组装；主动装置
cytoskeleton细胞骨架
phenotypes显型；外表型；（phenotype的复数）
micrometer测微计；千分尺；微米
nanoscale纳米级
not well欠好；没有很好；不是很好
quantification以数目暗示；量化；定量
Here, we developed an understanding of nanomorphogenesis in our model system of polyamide membranes, along with its effect on their permeance and mechanical heterogeneity, by coupling quantitative 3D imaging, machine learning (ML), and theoretical modeling.
在这里，咱们经由过程耦合定量3D成像、呆板进修(ML)和理论建模，对咱们的聚酰胺膜模子体系中的纳米形态产生及其对其浸透性和机器异质性的影响举行了理解。
Polyamide membranes are the active layer in most thin-film composites used for energy-efficient molecular separations.
聚酰胺膜是用于高能效份子分手的大大都薄膜复合材猜中的活性层。
These membranes are synthesized via interfacial polymerization, which produces films that are macroscopically flat but characterized by heterogeneous 
crumples containing inner voids at the nanoscale.
这些膜是经由过程界面聚合合成的，界面聚合发生的膜宏观上是平展的，但在纳米标准上具备包括内部空地的非均相褶皱的特性。
Crumples are complex and 3D and are believed to play important roles in membrane performance.
皱折是繁杂的、三维的，被认为在膜的机能中起偏重要的感化。
Hence, an understanding of their nanomorphogenesis is required as a quantitative link between synthesis conditions and performance metrics, such as separation efficiency and mechanical robustness.
是以，必要领会它们的纳米形态构成，作为合成前提和机能指标(如分手效力和机器强度)之间的定量接洽。
We used electron tomography with nanometer resolution to reconstruct the 3D morphology of a series of polyamide membranes synthesized with a range of monomer concentrations.
咱们利用纳米辨别率的电子断层扫描技能重修了一系列在分歧单体浓度范畴内合成的聚酰胺膜的三维描摹。
We found pores beneath each crumple though not spanning across the membrane.
咱们在每一个皱褶下面都发明了气孔不外并无穿过薄膜。
The characteristic spatial wavelength of these pores follows a power law dependence on the monomer concentrations, a quantitative trend expected from a process described by Turing theory and suggesting the involvement of a reaction-diffusion instability in crumple formation.
这些孔的特性空间波长遵守依靠于单体浓度的幂律，这是从图灵理论描写的进程中预期的定量趋向，并表白在褶皱构成中触及反响分散不不乱性。
Then, we identified an array of quantitative morphological parameters to describe the irregular 3D nanostructure of the crumples.
然后，咱们肯定了一系列定量形态学参数来描写褶皱的不法则3D纳米布局。
The true membrane surface area and local thickness measured in this way were used as input to predict the permeance of each membrane using the Spiegler-Kedem model, which showed exceptional agreement with the experimental measurements.
以这类方法丈量的真实膜概况积和局部厚度被用作输入，以利用Spiegler-Kedem模子展望每一个膜的浸透率，该模子显示出与实行丈量的异样一致。
Morphological parameters were also used as input for unsupervised ML classification with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which allowed us to classify 151 crumples into just four types: domes, dimples, pancakes, and clusters, regardless of synthesis conditions.
形态学参数也被用作高斯夹杂模子（GMM）无监视ML分类的输入，该模子容许咱们将151个褶皱仅分为四种类型：圆顶状、酒窝状、煎饼状和簇状，而无论合成前提若何。
These morphology groups have distinct local Young’s moduli, resolved with nanometer resolution using liquid-phase atomic force microscopy (AFM).
这些形态组具备较着的局部杨氏模量，利用液相原子力显微镜（AFM）以纳米辨别率举行解析。
In short, we quantify cross-talk between synthesis conditions, 3D nanomorphology, and performance properties in polyamide membranes.
简而言之，咱们量化了聚酰胺膜的合成前提、3D纳米形态和机能之间的串扰。
These concepts may inspire strategies to expand the functionality of soft nanomaterials in general—polymers, vesicles, microgels, etc.—through morphogenesis and engineer their 3D nanomorphology during chemical reactions, folding, phase separation, or drying.
这些观点可能会激起一些计谋来扩大软纳米质料在平凡材猜中的功效——聚合物、囊泡、微凝胶等——经由过程形态产生和在化学反响、折叠、相分手或干燥进程中设计它们的3D纳米形态。
重点辞汇
polyamide聚酰胺
permeance磁导
heterogeneity异质性；不平均性；多相性
machine learning呆板进修, 呆板的进修
active layer活性层
thin-film薄膜的
energy-efficient节省能源的；高能效的
separations拜别；分家；（separation的复数）
voids浮泛；孔洞；空地率；结点间；（void的复数）；使无效；分泌；清算园地；（void的第三人称单数）
nanoscale纳米级
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