名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感慨词。
一、名词(n.): 暗示人、事物、地址或抽象观点的名称。如:boy,morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
二、代词(pron.): 重要用来取代名词。如:who,she, you, it .
三、形容词(adj..):暗示人或事物的@性%4iM5G%子或特%861Z8%性@。如:good, right, white, orange .
四、数词(num.): 暗示数量或事物的次序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
五、动词(v.): 暗示动作或状况。如:am, is,are,have,see .
六、副词(adv.): 润饰动词、形容词或其他副词,阐明时候、地址、水平等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly,slowly.
七、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮忙阐明名词。如:a, an, the.
八、介词(prep.): 暗示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成份的瓜葛。如in, on, from, above, behind.
九、连词(conj.): 用来毗连词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
十、感慨词(interj..)暗示喜、怒、哀、乐等豪情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
二、句子成份:英语句子成份分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
一、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,答复是“谁”或“甚么”。通经常使用名词或代词担当。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林蜜斯)
二、谓语动词阐明主语的动作或状况,答复“做(甚么)”。重要由动词担当。如:Jack cleansthe room every day. (杰克天天扫除房间)
三、表语在系动词以后,阐明主语的身份或特性,答复是“甚么”或“怎样样”。凡是由名词、代词或形容词担当。如:My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)
四、宾语暗示及物动词的工具或成果,答复做的是“甚么”。凡是由名词或代词担当。如:He can spellthe word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrotemea letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前组成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来夸大间接宾语。如:He wrotea letter tome . (他给我写了一封信)
五、定语润饰名词或代词,凡是由形容词、代词、数词等担当。如:
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大都会)
六、状语用来润饰动词、形容词、副词,凡是由副词担当。如:He works hard.(他事情尽力)
七、宾语补足语用来阐明宾语怎样样或干甚么,凡是由形容词或动词充任。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们凡是让课堂连结干净)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他经常帮我做作业)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(教员要我自学法语)
☆同位语凡是紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步阐明它的环境。如:Where is your classmateTom ?(你的同窗汤姆在哪里?)
三、构词法:英语构词法重要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
一、合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。
二、派生法:
(1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swi妹妹ing, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(逐日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
三、转换法:
(1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(清洁的)→clean(扫除,弄清洁),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(通报),face(脸)→(面临)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如:when(何时)→(当……时辰),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在内里;在家),on(在…上)→(举行,继续),等等。
2、名词:
一、英语名词可分专着名词和平凡名词两大类:
一、专着名词是个此外人、地、物、集团、机构等的专用名称。
专着名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing,Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专着名词若是是含有平凡名词的短语,则必需利用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名若是采纳复数情势,则暗示该姓氏一家人(复数寄义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
二、平凡名词是很多人或事物的共着名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
平凡名词又分为可数名词和不成数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简略的数词举行计数的名词,如:box, child, orange;
▲不成数名词是不成以用简略的数词举行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
二、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种情势。
一、名词由单数变复数的根基法子以下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map →maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch末端的词加es.如:class→classes,box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o末端的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos,piano→pianos.
③以子音字母加y末端的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families,city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe末端的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
二、不法则变革:man→men,woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不成数名词一般没有复数情势,阐明其数目时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
三、名词所有格:
一、 名词所有格暗示所属瓜葛,至关于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其组成法以下:
(1)暗示人或其它有生命的工具的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节),my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es末端的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(西席节)
(3)有些暗示时候、间隔和世界、国度、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’snewspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间苏息),
China’spopulation(中国的生齿).
(4)不管暗示有生命仍是无生命的工具的名词,一般都可用介词of短语来暗示所有瓜葛。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
二、[注解]:
①‘s还可以暗示或人的家或某个店肆,如:my aunt’s(我姨妈家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采纳 A and B’s的情势,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为两重所有格,如:a friend ofmy father’s(我父亲的一名朋侪),a friend ofmine(我的一名朋侪)
四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
一、谓语和谓语根基连结单复数的
一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不成数名词时,谓语动词用单数情势:如:The computerwasa great invention.(计较机是个了不得的发现)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
二、团体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 若是暗示总体观点,则谓语用单数情势,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 若是暗示此中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数情势,如:Class Threehavea map of China.(三
班有张中国舆图)
三、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等暗示单个时谓语用单数,暗示很多时,谓语用复数。如:Thereisa sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/ There aresome sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
四、maths,news等固然有s末端,但不是复数,是以谓语仍用单数:The newsis very exciting. (这个动静使人愉快)
五、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词常常用复数情势,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousersare very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很廉价,我想买)
六、a lot of后跟名词复数时谓语用复数情势,跟不成数名词时谓语用单数情势。如:A lot of students are playingbaseball now.(如今有很多学生在打垒球)A lot of timewas wasted on that work.(大量的时候花在了阿谁事情上)(被动句)
七、and毗连两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,可是两个名词若组成一个总体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his sonare pickingapples now.(教员和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chipsis very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食物)
八、 there be句型中be的单复数一般由挨近的名词决议。如:There isa table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
九、用both…and…毗连两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and Iare requiredto be here tomorrow.(你和我来日诰日请求都来)
十、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with以前的人物决议。如:A womanwith a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一位主妇带着一个七岁的孩子(那时)就站在路边)
十一、either…or…或 neither…nor…毗连两小我物做句子主语时,谓语采纳就近原则。如:Either you orheis right.(要末是你对,要末是他对。/你和他有一小我是对的) / Neither you nor Iam going there.(你和我都不筹算去那边)
1二、暗示一段时候或长度观点的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two monthsisnot a short time.(两个月不是个短期)Two thousand kilometersis quite a long distance(间隔).(两千公里是至关长的一段间隔)
1三、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词肯定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet isin English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(那时)正在湖边顽耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河道中的水已被污染了)(被动句)
可是,population一词又有特别环境: What’sthe population of China?(中国生齿是几多?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个都会四分之三的生齿是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
五、部门名词用法辨析:
一、sport、game、match、race的区分:sport凡是指“户外活动”,以熬炼为主,观点较大;game意思是“活动、角逐”,无论户内户外仍是脑力体力,指以输赢为主的活动;match意为“比赛、角逐”,多斧正式角逐;race重要暗示“竞走、跑马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全球的人都爱好活动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举办)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(咱们黉舍足球队取患了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,博得了划艇角逐)
二、festival、holiday、vacation的区分:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或延续一段时候的娱乐勾当;holiday(沐日、苏息日),指法定沐日或风尚习气,复数可以暗示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指@进%45925%修或事%85ar4%情@中一段长时候的苏息。如:The Shanghai Television Festivalwill be held next month.(上海电视节将鄙人个月举办) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(礼拜天是个沐日,大都人不事情) / What are you going to do during the su妹妹er vacation/holidays?(在暑期你筹算做甚么事变?)
三、journey、tour、trip、travel的区分:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)举行的远程观光,不知终点,含有辛劳的意思;tour指途中作短时间勾留的巡回观光,夸大旅游多处,经常使用来指参观等;trip凡是指来回按时的短途观光,如出差度假等;travel多指持久或远程的参观观光,特别指到外洋,没有明白目标地,也作不成数名词,指观光这一举动。如:He made up his mind to make the journeytoDunhuang.(他打定主意要去敦煌观光)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行参观去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(客岁他去了上海好几回) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(观光时代你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很伤害的)
四、sound、noise、voice的区分:sound指各类声音;noise重要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧哗声让我今夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(忽然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(由于伤风的原因,这个讴歌家落空了她银铃般的嗓音)
五、fish的问题:指很多条鱼且无论种类时,用fish,单复数不异;fishes 指很多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不成数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有不少种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉比拟我更喜好鱼)