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1.暗示特性和存在状况的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.暗示状况持续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.暗示状况变革的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.
The cake tastes delicious.
The potatoes went bad in the fields.
Deep water stays still.
He was at work.
She is in good health.
It is beyond my ability.
I was at a loss.
You are under arrest.
英语根基句型-2
主谓布局：本布局是由主语加不及物的谓语动词组成, 经常使用来暗示主语的动作。
如：The sun rises.
Tom has already left.
主语可有润饰语-定语，谓语可有润饰语-状语。
如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. They had to travel by air or boat.
3. She sat there alone.
4. He came back when we were eating.
5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。
英语根基句型-3
主谓宾布局:本布局是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语组成。宾语成份的多样化使得这一布局异样繁杂。
如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
英语根基句型-4
双宾语布局：此布局由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”构成。如： He brings me cookies every day.
但如果要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to偏重指动作的标的目的，暗示朝着，向着，对着或人。
用for 偏重指动作的受益者，暗示为了或人，替或人。
常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
英语根基句型-5
复合宾语布局: 此布局由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”组成。宾语补足语用来弥补和阐明宾语的性子和特色，若无宾语补足语，则句意不敷完备。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。
如： The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
My mother asked me to clean my room.
The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.
用 it 做情势宾语，而将真实的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子布局均衡，是英语经常使用的句型布局方法。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
也能够说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区分在于第一个是简略句第二个是复合句，意思都是同样的。
英语根基句型-6
There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”组成，用以表达存在瓜葛可以称“……有……”。 它实际上是全倒装的一种环境，主语位于谓语动词 be 以后，there 仅为指导词，并没有现实语意。此句型有时不消be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不消have。如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 与厥后的主语在人称和数目上一致，有时态和情态变革。如：
如今有 there is/are …
曩昔有 there was/were…
未来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be…
如今已有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be…
必定有 there must be …/there must have been…
曩昔曾有 there used to be …
彷佛有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
可巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
二．并列句。
布局：
1.由分号毗连。
eg. Some people cry; others laugh.
Let’s start early; we have a long way to go.
2.由并列连词及词组毗连-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both…and…/not only…but also…/as well as/
or else/ either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…等。
eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.
I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.
Both my father and mother are teachers.
It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.
3、复合句
组成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句组成。主句和从句都有完备的主谓布局，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成份，不克不及自力存在。从句凡是是用指导词来指导的，指导词起毗连主句和从句的感化。
分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。
1. 主语从句(Subject Clause)
一个句子在复合句中充任一个主语,那末这个句子就是主语从句.
1）通例主语从句，句子在复合句中充任主语
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
Who will be our monitor hasn’t been decided yet.
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
What caused the accident remains unknown.
Whatever you did is right.
Whose watch was lost is unknown.
What we need is time.
小结:
（1)指导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等
（2)连词位于句首不克不及省略
（3)主语从句大大都环境下视为三人称单数。
注重：为了避免句子头重脚轻，凡是把情势主语it放在主语位置，真正主语弃捐于句末
It is certain that he will win the match.
It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
It is strange that he should do that.
It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)
It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.
It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)
It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)
小结:
（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以情势主语it指导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.
（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)
2.表语从句
界说：
表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。
The problem is puzzling.
主语 结合动词 形容词作表语
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.
主语 结合动词 一个句子作表语—表语从句
毗连表语从句的毗连词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.
He has become a teacher.
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
She has remained there for an hour.
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.
His suggestion is good.
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
The question is confusing.
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Why he cried yesterday.
How I can persuade her to join us in the party.
注重：
1.表语从句必定要用报告语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
2.不消if，而用whether 毗连表语从句(as if 破例）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以纷歧致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
4.that 在表语从句中不克不及免却。
3. 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语感化的从句叫做宾语从句.
组成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用毗连词把一个主句和一个宾语从句毗连在一块儿。毗连词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.
宾语
He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.
间接宾语 直接宾语
He told me where he was going to travel that su妹妹er.
间接宾语 直接宾语
He told that he would go to the college the next year.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
I dont know whom you should depend on.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
He didnt tell me when we should meet again.
Could you please tell me how you read the new book?
None of us knows where these can be bought.
注重：
1.用情势宾语it取代的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时辰,则必要用it做情势宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
②有些动词带宾语从句时必要在宾语与从句前加it
这种动词重要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
We take it that you will agree with us.
2.介词的宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
有时辰except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that指导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
3.形容词的宾语从句
经常使用来指导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
4. if,whether在宾语从句中的区分
whether后可以加or not,可是if不成以.
在不定式前只能用whether.
I can’t decide whether to stay.
⑤防止歧义时,咱们经常使用whether而不消if.
5.宾语从句的否认转移
动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,而且主句的主语是第一人称并且为一般如今时,从句的否认词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑难句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不克不及说成I think he won’t come to my party.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
若是宾语从句中有某个含有否认意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑难句要用必定情势.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
6.宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为如今时或未来时的时辰,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为曩昔时的时辰,从句用响应的曩昔时态
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
若是从句是一个客观真谛,那末从句的时辰不按照主句的时态而变革
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
当宾语从句的指导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑难时,不克不及按正常语序放置,常常将这种指导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
7.建议 suggest , advise
请求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
决议 decide;
号令 order、co妹妹and;
果断主意 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
4.同位语从句
1、在复合句顶用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以阐明该名词暗示的详细内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．
I had no idea that you were here．
2、可以跟同位语从句的名词凡是有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（动静），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
3、英语中指导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，毗连副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不克不及指导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
4、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在阐明的名词后面，而被此外词离隔。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)组成。
主句是全句的主体，凡是可以自力存在；从句则是一个句子成份，不克不及自力存在。
从句不克不及零丁成句，但它也有主语部门和谓语部门，就像一个句子同样。所分歧在于，从句须由一个联系关系词（connective）指导。
复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可分为：
1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；
2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；
3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）
1、 定语从句
· 定语从句的界说
定语从句在句子中作定语，用来润饰一个名词、名词词组或代词。
· 先行词和指导词
被润饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；
在先行词和定语从句之间起毗连感化的词叫做指导词。
指导词分为“瓜葛代词”和“瓜葛副词”。
· 瓜葛代词和瓜葛副词
瓜葛代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
瓜葛副词有：when, where, why。 注重：瓜葛副词内里没有how。
若是要润饰方法，用that或in which指导，或不消指导词。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.
我不喜好他看我的阿谁模样。
· 瓜葛代词：who
瓜葛动词who在从句中重要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。
He is the man who wants to see you.
He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.
· 瓜葛代词：whom
He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.
（whom在从句中作宾语）
· 瓜葛代词：whose
whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which交换）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which）
· 瓜葛代词：which（1）
which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。
They needed a plant which didn’t need as much water as rice.
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.
· 瓜葛代词：which（2）
当在which和that面进步行选择的环境下，一般环境下要选which：
1.在非限定性定语从句中通经常使用which作指导词，而不克不及用that做非限定性定语从句的指导词。
2. 润饰全部主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
3. 润饰谓语部门。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot.
4. 介词 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers.
· 瓜葛代词：that（1）
that多用来指物，有时也能够用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时辰多用that，也可用which。
It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.
（指物，作主语。）
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
（指人，作主语。）
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
（指人，作宾语，可省略。）
· 瓜葛代词：that（2）
在如下的环境中，只能用that作指导词，而不克不及用which作指导词。
1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。
All (that) she lacked was training.
2. 先行词被形容词最高档润饰时
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被序数词和the last润饰时
4. 先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
5. 主句是含有who或which的特别疑难句，为了防止反复时
2、 状语从句
1 地址状语从句
地址状语从句凡是由where, wherever 指导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
2 方法状语从句
方法状语从句凡是由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though指导。
1） as, (just) as…so…指导的方法状语从句凡是位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…布局中位于句首，这时候as从句带有比方的寄义，意思是”正如…”，”就像”，多用于正式体裁，比方：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你但愿人家怎么待你，你就要怎么待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
咱们离不开氛围，如同鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如扫除衡宇同样，咱们也要打扫咱们脑子中后进的工具。
2） as if, as though
二者的意义和用法不异，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，暗示与究竟相反，有时也用报告语气，暗示所说环境是究竟或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作”恍如……似的”，”仿佛……似的”，比方：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们彻底疏忽了这些究竟，就恍如它不存在似的。（与究竟相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那模样就像被雷击了似的。（与究竟相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来气候很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用报告语气。）
阐明：as if / as though也能够指导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，比方：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不斜视地看着我，就像第一次瞥见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说甚么似的。
3 缘由状语从句
比力：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来阐明人所不知的缘由，答复why提出的问题。当缘由是不言而喻的或已为
人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because指导的从句若是放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来取代。但若不是阐明直接缘由，而是多种环境加以揣度，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
4 目标状语从句
暗示目标状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词指导，比方：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
5 成果状语从句
成果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that指导，把握这两个句型，起首要领会so 和 such与厥后的词的搭配纪律。
比力：so和 such
其纪律由so与such的分歧词性决议。such 是形容词，润饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能润饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与暗示数目的形容词many, few, much, little连用，构成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such 
a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽至关于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school
6 前提状语从句
毗连词重要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 指导的前提句有真实前提句和非真实前提句两种。非真实前提句已在虚拟语气中论述。
unless = if not.
Let’s go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let’s go out for a walk.
7 妥协状语从句
though, although
注重： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不克不及有but，可是 though 和yet可连用
Although it’s raining, they are still working in the field.
3) ever if, even though. 即便
We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 无论……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) “no matter +疑难词” 或”疑难词+后缀ever”
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
更换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注重：no matter 不克不及指导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你如今说甚么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯们只能给甚么吃甚么。
8 比力while, when, as
1）as, when 指导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作产生于主句动作以前，只能用when 指导这个从句，不成用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句暗示”随时候推移”连词能用as，不消when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一每天曩昔，气候越变越坏。
9 比力until和till
此两个连词意义不异。必定情势暗示的意思是”做某事直至某时”，动词必需是持续性的。否认情势表达的意思是”直至某时才做某事”。动词为持续性或非持续性均可 以。 准确利用这两个连词的关头之一就在于果断句中的动词该用必定式仍是否认式。
必定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一向睡到三更时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在必定句中可用before取代 Let’s get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否认句：
She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
1)Until可用于句首，而till凡是不消于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你奉告我之前，出了甚么事我一点也不晓得。
2)Until when 疑难句中，until要放在句首。
—Until when are you staying? 你呆到何时？
— Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注重：否认句可用此外两种句式暗示。
(1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才晓得热能是甚么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我起头事情，我才熟悉到了我已蹉跎了多少岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
10 暗示”一…就…”的布局
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as均可以暗示”一…就…”的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注重：若是hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必需用倒装布局：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
3、 名词性从句
1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause）；
· 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语感化的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的指导词和主语从句的指导词不异。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。
· 宾语从句：及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn’t grow on trees.
· 宾语从句：短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive.
· 宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am interested in what she is doing.
· 宾语从句：否认的转移
I don’t suppose you’re used to this diet.
我想你不习气这类饮食。
I don’t believe she’ll arrive before 8.
我信赖她8点以前不会到。
2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）；
· 表语从句
在句子中起表语感化的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的指导词和主语从句的指导词不异。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room.
This is what we should do.
That’s why I want you to work there.
as if, as though, because也可用来指导表语从句。
She seems as if she had done a great thing.
It is because you eat too much.
· 虚拟语气：表语从句
主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为真相动词或should+真相动词。
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.
3）.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）。
· 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(谜底)，hope(但愿)，fact(究竟)，belief (信奉)，news(动静)，idea(主张；观念)，promise(许诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(号令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (设法)等后面。比方：
I had no idea that you were here.
She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
He made a promise that he would never come late.
· 同位语从句：whether
whether可以指导同位语从句，而定语从句不克不及用whether作为指导词。
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
· 同位语从句：what
what可以指导同位语从句，而定语从句不克不及用what作为指导词
I have no idea what he is doing now.
· 同位语从句：how
how可以指导同位语从句，而定语从句不克不及用how作为指导词
It’s a question how he did it.
· 同位语从句和定语从句的区分（1）
同位语从句和先行词是等同的瓜葛；而定语从句是用来润饰先行词，是隶属的瓜葛。
· 同位语从句和定语从句的区分（2）
that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充任句子成份；而在定语从句中充任主语、宾语等句子成份。
· 同位语从句和定语从句的区分（3）
whether, what, how可以用来指导同位语从句；而它们不克不及用来指导定语从句
