admin
感谢收看，获得本文音视频、中英文文本等更多英语进修资本在弓重浩：不背英语 但愿可以帮忙你提高英语程度。中英文文本
癌症为什么难以治愈？
Why is it so difficult to cure cancer?
咱们已操纵了电力
We’ve harnessed electricity,
测序了人类基因组
sequenced the human genome,
并歼灭了天花
and eradicated small pox.
可是在数十亿美元的钻研以后
But after of dollars in research,
咱们尚未找到一种可以或许在任什么时候候影响
we haven’t found a solution for a disease that affects more than 14 million people
1400多万人及其家人的疾病的解决方案
and their families at any given time.
癌症产生是因为正常细胞堆集突变
Cancer arises as normal cells accumulate mutations.
大大都时候 细胞可以检测出突变和DNA毁伤
Most of the time, cells can detect mutations or DNA damage
举行修复或凋亡
and either fix them or self destruct.
但是 一些突变容许癌细胞无穷增殖
However, some mutations allow cancerous cells to grow unchecked
侵入邻近组织
and invade nearby tissues,
乃至转移到远处的器官
or even metastasize to distant organs.
癌症一旦转移将几近没法治愈
Cancers become almost incurable once they metastasize.
癌症很是繁杂
And cancer is incredibly complex.
它不但仅是一种疾病
It’s not just one disease.
有多于100种分歧类型
There are more than 100 different types
咱们没有一种灵丹灵药来医治所有癌症
and we don’t have a magic bullet that can cure all of them.
@对%4t331%付大大%7e315%都@癌症
For most cancers,
医治凡是包含手术切除肿瘤
treatments usually include a combination of surgery to remove tumors
连系放疗化疗杀死残剩癌细胞
and radiation and chemotherapy to kill any cancerous cells left behind.
激素疗法
Hormone therapies,
免疫疗法
i妹妹unotherapy,
和对特定类型的癌症的针对医治
and targeted treatments tailored for a specific type of cancer
也常常利用
are sometimes used, too.
在很多环境下 这些医治颇有效
In many cases, these treatments are effective
患者就解脱了癌症
and the patient becomes cancer-free.
可是他们远非毕生百分之百有用
But they’re very far from 100% effective 100% of the time.
以是为了找到所有分歧情势的癌症医治法子咱们要做甚么？
So what would we have to do to find cures for all the different forms of cancer?
咱们从理解一些科学家
We’re beginning to understand a few of the problems
必要解决的问题起头
scientists would have to solve.
起首 咱们必要新的 更好的法子钻研癌症
First of all, we need new, better ways of studying cancer.
大大都癌症医治都是用实行室里发展的
Most cancer treatments are developed using cell lines grown in labs
从人类肿瘤中培育出的细胞株来举行的
from cultures of human tumors.
这些人工培育的细胞给咱们供给关头的
These cultured cells have given us critical insights
关于癌症的遗传学和生物学信息
about cancer genetics and biology,
可是它们缺少在现实的生物体中肿瘤的繁杂性
but they lack much of the complexity of a tumor in an actual living organism.
常常产生的环境是对实行室培育的细胞起感化的新药
It’s frequently the case that new drugs, which work on these lab-grown cells,
在临床实验中对患者失效
will fail in clinical trials with real patients.
恶性肿瘤的繁杂性之一
One of the complexities of aggressive tumors
是它们可以有多种分歧的癌细胞
is that they can have multiple populations of slightly different cancerous cells.
跟着时候的流逝 在肿瘤的分歧部位中
Over time, distinct genetic mutations accumulate in cells
分歧的基因突变在细胞中堆集 发生怪异的亚克隆
in different parts of the tumor, giving rise to unique subclones.
比方 叫成胶质细胞瘤的恶性脑肿瘤
For example, aggressive brain tumors called glioblastomas
在一位患者身体中可以发生六种分歧亚克隆
can have as many as six different subclones in a single patient.
这叫做克隆的异质性
This is called clonal heterogeneity,
这使医治变得坚苦由于一种药只对一种
and it makes treatment difficult because a drug that works on one subclone
亚克隆起感化可能对其他克隆没有结果
may have no effect on another.
另有另外一个挑战
Here’s another challenge.
肿瘤是一个动态的互相接洽的
A tumor is a dynamic interconnected ecosystem
癌细胞可以不竭和相互和临近康健细胞
where cancer cells constantly co妹妹unicate with each other
举行交换的生态体系
and with healthy cells nearby.
它们可以引诱正常细胞分解为血管为肿瘤
They can induce normal cells to form blood vessels that feed the tumor
供给养分排挤代谢产品
and remove waste products.
它们还可以影响免疫体系
They can also interact with the i妹妹une system
按捺其功效
to actually suppress its function,
阻拦辨认和歼灭癌细胞
keeping it from recognizing or destroying the cancer.
若是咱们能钻研出若何阻断这些信息交换通路
If we could learn how to shut down these lines of co妹妹unication,
咱们可以有更好的法子永恒地击败肿瘤
we’d have a better shot at vanquishing a tumor permanently.
别的 愈来愈多的证据表白
Additionally, mounting evidence suggests
咱们必要弄大白若何革除癌症干细胞
we’ll need to figure out how to eradicate cancer stem cells.
干细胞是很少的但彷佛有特别性子
These are rare but seem to have special properties
使它们对化疗和放疗有耐受性
that make them resistant to chemotherapy and radiation.
理论上 即便肿瘤的其余部门检测出在医治中缩小
In theory, even if the rest of the tumor shrinks beyond detection during treatment,
一个残剩的癌症干细胞仍可以长出新肿瘤
a single residual cancer stem cell could seed the growth of a new tumor.
弄大白若何对准这些固执细胞
Figuring out how to target these stubborn cells
可能有助于避免癌症复发
might help prevent cancers from coming back.
即便咱们解决了这些问题 咱们可能还会见临新的
Even if we solved those problems, we might face new ones.
癌细胞是顺应的大家
Cancer cells are masters of adaptation,
调解它们的份子和细胞特征以顺应压力
adjusting their molecular and cellular characteristics to survive under stress.
当它们被放疗和化疗进犯时
When they’re bombarded by radiation or chemotherapy,
一些癌细胞能有用开启庇护盾
some cancer cells can effectively switch on protective shields
经由过程扭转它们的基因表达抵当进犯
against whatever’s attacking them by changing their gene expression.
恶性癌症是一种不竭进化和顺应的繁杂体系
Malignant cancers are complex systems that constantly evolve and adapt.
为了打败它们 咱们必要找到与它们
To defeat them, we need to find experimental systems
繁杂性相配的实行系统
that match their complexity,
和可以跟着癌症的变革而调解的监督和医治方案
and monitoring and treatment options that can adjust as the cancer changes.
可是好动静是咱们在前进
But the good news is we’re making progress.
即便咱们不是全数领会
Even 
with all we don’t know,
大大都癌症的均匀灭亡率
the average mortality rate for most kinds of cancer
自从二十世纪七十年月显著降低并仍在降低
has dropped significantly since the 1970s and is still falling.
天天咱们都领会的更多
We’re learning more every day,
每份新的信息都给咱们供给了一个增长咱们兵器的东西
and each new piece of information gives us one more tool to add to our arsenal.
汗青会重演 但科学会发生影响
“History repeats, but science reverberates.”
这是普利策奖获奖作品《the Emperor of All Maladies
That’s a quote from the Pulitzer Prize winning book, the Emperor of All Maladies
a Biography of Cancer》的一段话
a Biography of Cancer.
咱们强烈建议你读或听这本分歧平常的书
We highly reco妹妹end you read or listen to the extraordinary book.
若是你阅读Audible.com/Teded
If you visit Audible.com/Teded,
你可以避免费下载这本书的音频版
you can download an audio version of this book for free.
Teded长短红利组织
Teded is an non-profit
利用这两种法子来选择下一本
好书
and using either of these methods to select your next great book
帮忙咱们继续为每小我缔造免费的教诲视频
helps us continue to create free educational videos for everyone.
