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直接润饰名词的成份称为定语，一般由形容词或名词担任，也能够别离由不定式、分词或动名词等非谓语动词来担任。那末若何区分并准确利用非谓语动词呢？
NON-FINITES
1. 如今分词与曩昔分词的区分
咱们晓得非谓语动词都源于及物和不及物两种谓语动词，要领会如今分词与曩昔分词的区分就要从谓语动词的根基属性起头。
1)及物动词 (v.t.)
及物动词的主语咱们称为动作的发出者(sender)，宾语称为动作的经受者(receiver)。
比方：
The news surprised
动词+ing (发出者) 及物动词v.t.
the students.
动词+ed (经受者)
Surprise是及物动词， 在利用surprise这个动词的非谓语分词情势时，润饰动作发出者news用如今分词情势(动词+ing)，润饰动作的经受者用曩昔分词情势(动词+ed)。
●They are talking about the surprising news. (surprising做定语润饰发出者news)
The news is surprising. (surprising做表语润饰发出者news)
They are talking about the surprised students. (surprised做定语润饰经受者students)
The students are surprised. (surprised做表语润饰经受者students)
再来看几个例子：
●exciting games剧烈出色的角逐, excited spectators豪情振奋的观众
●disappointing results使人懊丧的成果, disappointed people大失所望的人们
●exhausting work使人怠倦不胜的事情, exhausted workers精疲力竭的工人
●moving stories动人肺腑的故事, moved students感谢感动涕泣的学生
从以上例子可见，如今分词和曩昔分词均可以用作形容词来润饰名词，润饰动作发出者用如今分词，润饰动作经受者用曩昔分词。要出格注重的是，根据被润饰的名词是人仍是物来果断如今分词和曩昔分词的用法是不许确的。
比方： They complicated the situation by introducing some more restriction.
他们采纳了一些更多的限定把情势繁杂化了。
及物动词complicate的发出者是人they, 而经受者是物。是以，“繁杂恶化的情势”应译为the complicated situation，“情势是使人辣手的” 应译为The situation is complicated.
从这个例子可以清晰地看出，若是按照中文，很轻易将“使人辣手的情势”毛病地舆解为 “complicating situation”。
再好比咱们经常使用的：
a broken cup 一个破杯子; spoken English英语白话;exported products出口产物。
是以，正确领会所润饰的名词与及物动词的瓜葛，是准确利用及物动词的如今分词和曩昔分词的关头。
2) 不及物动词(v.i.)
不及物动词只有动作的发出者，不存在动作的经受者。是以，不及物动词的如今分词源于举行时，暗示动作正在举行，而曩昔分词则源于完成时，暗示动作已完成。
比方：
●He looked at the leaves which are falling in the air.(从句用举行时润饰名词the leaves)
他看着氛围中飘然下降的叶子。
=He looked at the leaves falling in the air.(如今分词短语润饰名词the leaves暗示举行)
=He looked at the falling leaves in the air. (如今分词润饰名词the leaves暗示举行)
●He walked on the leaves which had fallen on the ground.(从句用完成时润饰名词the leaves) 他走在地面的落叶上。
He walked on the leaves fallen on the ground.(曩昔分词短语润饰名词leaves暗示曩昔)
He walked on the fallen leaves on the ground. (曩昔分词润饰名词leaves暗示曩昔)
●the rising sun. = the sun that is rising. 冉冉升起的太阳
the risen sun = the sun that has risen. 已升在天空的太阳
●boiling water = water which is boiling. 沸腾的水
boiled water = water which has boiled 开过的水
2. 分歧情势不定式做定语的区分
动词不定式的一般式可以用做形容词，担任名词的定语, 暗示将要产生的动作，不定式的举行式和完成式都不成以用作定语。
1)及物动词不定式一般式自动to do sth和被动to be done 两种情势的区分。
比方：
●Have you anything to send? = Have you anything that you will send?
你有甚么工具要(本身)寄吗？(自动寄义，动作由you本身去完成)
(to send做定语, 源于定语从句that you will send, 润饰先行词anything, 暗示未来。)
●Have you anything to be sent (by others)?=Have you anything that will be sent(by others)?
你有甚么工具要(我或他人)寄吗？(被动寄义，动作由别人others去完成)
(to be sent做定语, 源于定语从句that will be sent, 润饰先行词anything, 暗示未来。)
从以上两个例子可以看出，不定式的自动情势to send来历于自动语态的定语从句。
而不定式的被动情势to be sent来历于被动语态的定语从句, 不克不及毛病地认为to send 是自动情势暗示被动，正确地讲应当服膺自动情势的不定式源于自动语态的从句，被动情势的不定式则源于被动语态的从句，二者绝不成以混同。
●I have some books for you to read. = I have some books that you should read.
我有几本书但愿你读一读。
(for you to read做定语, 源于定语从句that you should read, 润饰先行词books, 暗示未来。原从句的主语you在不定式的前面以for you 的情势呈现，担任不定式的逻
辑主语。)
2)不及物动词不定式一般式做定语
当不及物动词做定语时, 后面必需有响应的介词与前面所润饰的名词相呼应, 从汉语角度理解，而疏忽了需要的介词是不及物动词做定语经常见的毛病。
比方：
●He is looking for a room to live in.= He is looking for a room which he will live in.
他如今正在找房间住。
(to live in做定语, 源于定语从句which he will live in, 润饰先行词room, 暗示未来。)
●Would you like to have another pen to write with? ( to write with the pen)
你必要再筹备一支笔用吗？
●Smith is a good man to work with. ( to work with the man)
与史姑娘一块儿事情是再好不外了。
●Lei Feng is a brilliant example for us to learn from. ( to learn from the example)
雷锋是咱们进修的灿烂楷模。
●Can you lend me a chair to sit on?
您可以借给我一把椅子坐吗？
●Global Financial Crisis is a hot topic to talk about today. ( to talk about the topic)
全世界性金融危机是当古人们评论辩论的热门话题。
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