初中英语语法大全——简单句,句子成分,简单句五种基本句型

一、简略句的特色:简略句凡是只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成。 二、简略句的种类:简略句一般分为报告句、疑难句、感慨句和祈使句四种。 三、报告句: 用来阐明一…

一、简略句的特色:简略句凡是只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成。

二、简略句的种类:简略句一般分为报告句、疑难句、感慨句和祈使句四种。

三、报告句:

用来阐明一个究竟的句子叫报告句。它有必定式和否认式两种情势。

▲报告句的必定式: He is a middle school student.(他是其中学生)/ I have a ha妹妹er in my hand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教咱们地舆)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧很是好大师都喜好)

▲报告句的否认式:

1)谓语动词若是是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是西席)/ He does not havea cousin.(他没有从兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(来日诰日我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲如今不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不应再犯雷同毛病了) / We haven’t discussed the question yet(咱们尚未会商阿谁问题呢).

2)谓语动词若是没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如: I don’t knowanything about it.(此事我全无所闻)/ Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在屯子养猪)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(咱们没期望着在这里见到她)/We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨全国午咱们没有开会)

3)若是“have”作“有”讲,也能够在它后面加not组成否认式,其情势与have got的否认式不异。如:I haven’t (got)any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)

[注重]

①句子中若是有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般组成部门否认,若是要彻底否认,则凡是利用none、neither、not…at all等;Allof them went there.→None of them went there.(他们全都去了那边→他们全都没去那边)

②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否认句。如:Fewpeople live there because life there is very hard.(几近没有人糊口在那边由于那边的糊口太艰巨了)

③报告句(主语+谓语+其他)在白话中可以直接暗示疑难,暗示诧异或明知故问。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)

④报告句一般环境下应利用正常的语序,即:主语+谓语+其他。可是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。

⑤所有的从句一概利用报告句语序,即在毗连词后采纳“主语+谓语+其他”的次序。如:The old man told me thathewould live herefor ten more yearsbefore he returns home. (白叟奉告我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell me whoyousawat the party last night?(能奉告我在集会上你都瞥见了谁吗?)

四、疑难句:

▲一般疑难句: 用“yes”或“no”来答复的疑难句叫做一般疑难句。

1)一般疑难句组成:句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提早)放到主语前面。如:Ishe an engineer?(他是工程师吗?)/ Have you got today’s newspaper? (你有今天的报纸吗?)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (咱们今晚去看片子好吗?)/ Can you explain it ?(你能诠释它吗?)/Is there any fish for supper?(晚餐有鱼吗?)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去溜达吗?)

谓语动词若是没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do/ does/did, 本来的谓语动词改成真相。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你每天清晨六点起家吗?)/ Does she study hard?(她进修尽力吗?)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?)

2)一般疑难句的答复:

一般疑难句通经常使用简单情势来答复。如:

Will you join us in playing basketball?(你参加咱们打篮球好吗?)—Yes,we will.(是的咱们会。)/ —No,we won’t.(不咱们不会。)

Have you got today’s newspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)—Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ —No, I haven’t.(不没有。)

答复时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。

[注重] 答复must或may开首的疑难句要谨慎,拜见情态动词有关内容。

3)一般疑难句的否认布局(即否认情势的一般疑难句)暗示诧异、指责、建议、见解等,只要将“not”置于主语以后或将“not”放到主语以前与be, have等助动词或情态动词归并在一块儿便可以了。如:

Willhe not come?(他莫非不来吗?)/ Isn’t your sister a Party member?(你的姐
初中英语语法大全——简单句,句子成分,简单句五种基本句型插图
姐不是党员吗?)/ Haven’t you any brothers?(你没有哥哥吗?)/ Don’t you like the play?(你莫非不喜好这个话剧吗?)/ Can’t we walk a little farther?(咱们不克不及走远些吗?)/ Won’t you sit down?(你不想坐下吗?)/ Hasn’t she heard of the matter?(她没据说过这事儿?)

这类否认布局的疑难句的答复与汉语的习气分歧。若是答复是必定的,就用“yes+必定布局”;若是答复是否认的,就用“no+否认布局”。(环境与反意问句雷同。)如:

Can’t he answer the question?(他不克不及答复这个问题吗?)

—Yes,he can.(不,他能答复这个问题。) —No,he can’t.(是的,他不克不及答复这个问题。)

▲特别疑难句:请求详细答复的问句。

1)特别疑难句布局是:

如:Whatdo you want?(你要甚么?)/Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找谁?)/ Whose magazine is this?(这是谁的杂志?)/Which class are you in?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早何时起家的?)/Where have you been?(你到哪儿去了?)/ Why did he go to bed so early?(他为甚么这么早睡觉?)/ How did you go there?(你是怎样去的那儿?)

可是,“who”引出的扣问主语或主语部门相干词的特别疑难句的布局与报告句词序不异:如:Whois dancing over there?(谁在何处舞蹈?)

有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也能够引出与报告句词序不异的特别疑难句。如:Whatis on the wall?(甚么工具在墙上?/墙上有甚么?)/ Which is yours?(哪一个是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)

[注重]从报告句改成特别问句时,先将句子改成一般问句,再将(划线)发问部门更改成疑难词置于句首,出格要注重助动词的利用!若是只对主语或主语的修遁词发问,那末只必要将疑难部门改成疑难词便可。

2)经常使用疑难代词和疑难副词:

疑难代词: who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑难副词: when, where, why, how,

how组成的短语:how many (几多个) (自力用;或跟可数名词),how much (几多)(自力用;或跟不成数名词), how old(多大年数), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久今后),how many times (几多次),等等。

3)特别疑难句有时也用否认式。如:Why don’tyou ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not…?) (你为甚么不转请Jim呢?)

4) 特别疑难句疑难部门有时可以有两个以上的疑难词。如:When and wherewere you born? (你是什么时候何地诞生的?)

5) 疑难词若是是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也能够在句尾。如:Whatdo you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干吗要一台电脑呢?)

▲反意疑难句: 反意疑难句暗示对报告句所说的究竟提出相反的疑难,请求对方用“yes”或“no”来举行答复。

1) 组成:由两部门构成:前一部门是报告句,后一部门是疑难句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语组成。若是报告句是必定布局,反意疑难句须用否认布局;反之,报告句若是是否认布局,反意疑难句须用必定布局。反意疑难句的两部门,必需连结人称和时态的一致;反意疑难句的答复有时会和汉语分歧。

如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是吗?)/ The man went away, didn’t he? (阿谁汉子走开了不是吗?) / He isn’t old, is he? (他不总是吗?) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那边是吗?)

2) 反意问句的答复:

不管哪一种情势的反意问句,答复时要遵守:“Yes,+必定式”或“No,+否认式”

如:The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走开了,不是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/No, he didn’t.(不,他没有走。)

The man never went there, did he?(此人历来不去那边,是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)

▲选择疑难句:提出两种或两种以上环境,必要对方作出选择答复的疑难句叫选择疑难句。

1) 组成:(1) 一般疑难句 + or+ 第二选项?

(2) 特别疑难句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?

2)选择疑难句的布局与特别疑难句不异,即要详细答复,不成以用yes/no答复。如:

Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (—-你的朋侪是男孩仍是女孩?—-是女孩。)/ Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea,please. (—你要哪同样咖啡仍是茶?—-请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing,dancing or skating? –Dancing,of course. (—-唱歌、舞蹈和滑冰你最喜好哪样?—-固然是舞蹈啦!)

五、祈使句:祈使句用来暗示哀求、号令等。它的主语you常常不说出。

▲祈使句的必定式: 动词(真相) + 其他 如:Please give me a hand. (请帮手)/ Shut up! (住嘴!)

▲祈使句的否认式: Don’t+动词真相 + 其他 如:Please don’t talk in low voices. (请不要低声发言。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。)

[注重] 以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否认布局,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如:Let’s nottrouble him.(咱们不要打搅他。)

必定祈使句前可以用助动词来夸大语气。如:Please dohelpme!(请万万帮帮我。)

六、感慨句:感慨句用来暗示喜怒哀乐等强烈豪情。句末经常使用“!”

▲对含有形容词的名词短语感慨的布局凡是是:

What + (a /an)+ (形容词) +名词+ 报告句布局(主谓语) ,用来夸大句子中的名词,如:Whata good,kind girl (she is)! (她是何等仁慈的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (气候真糟!)

▲仅对形容词或副词举行感慨的布局凡是是:How+ 形容词/副词 + 报告句布局(主谓语) ,用来夸大句子中的形容词、副词或动词。Howcarefully the old man walks! (这白叟走路真谨慎!) / How delicious the food is! (这食物真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)

▲有时,报告句、祈使句、疑难句、一个词或词组,也带有必定的豪情色采,也能够成为感慨句,此时未必利用感慨句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back!(他坐在山君的背上!) / A nice shot! (标致一击!) / Good goal! (好球!)

句子成份:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语

一、主语:

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充任,阐明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The painterpainted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅标致的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们英勇地与非典奋斗。) / To see is to believe.(耳听为虚目睹为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮忙动物就是帮忙人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it取代,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语以后。如:Itis very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在远程观光中能有个头等坐位的确太惬意了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体晦气。)

(3)白话中常见主语或“主–系”省略:(It is)nothing. ((那)没有甚么。)/(It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有瓜葛。) / (I) thank you. ((我)感谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必需是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he?(这小我看上去很焦急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (山君是伤害的动物不是吗?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时常常用来指定某小我。Keep the keyboards clean, children.(孩子们请连结键盘的干净。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词以后。如:Computersare made in this factory. (计较机出产于这家工场。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜好呆在家里吗?)

(7)主语与谓语必需连结单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一请求。Neither Jim nor Rosehas passedthe exam. (Jim和Rose都没有经由过程测验。) / The Chinese peopleare a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤快英勇的民族。)

(8)主语可以由从句充任,详见“主语从句”。

二、谓语:

(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等组成,阐明主语所暗示的人物“干甚么”或“怎样样”。如:

He travelledin space for the first time.(他初次在太空观光。) / Who teaches you English this year?(本年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已变坏。) /

(2)谓语动词必需反应出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词常常由以下词语依序分列组成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[重要动词](不必定全数呈现)。(见动词的时态和语态组成表) 记着:谓语部门第一个动词常常是变形动词。如:

I am sorry I a妹妹akingso much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音可是只能如许。) / Hecan’t havefinishedreading the 800-page-long novel. (他不成能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something mustbedone to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采纳办法避免

禽流感舒展。)

(3)谓语动词切忌用“举动动词1 + 真相动词”、“be + 真相动词”。

记着利用以下准确情势:

①情态动词+真相动词。如:You’d bettergoover the lesson.(你最佳温习这一课。)

②shall/ will/ would+真相动词。如:Theyshouldhavebeen there once.(他们应当去过那儿。)

③be+如今分词或曩昔分词。如:What areyou doing this evening?(今晚你筹算做甚么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年月多量树木被砍伐。)

④have+曩昔分词。如:Many trees havebeencut down since 1970s.(意思同上)

⑤一般时问句和否认句中:do/does/did+真相动词。如:He doesnot enjoy himself very much.(另日子过的欠好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们傍边有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)

⑥举动动词1+举动动词2 (不定式、动名词、如今分词、曩昔分词等情势)。如:He madeup his mind to be a vet.(他打定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自负自爱是享受糊口的底子。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们唤醒家庭的其他成员,呼叫招呼着:圣诞快活!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们本身构筑坚忍的宅兆。)

(4)不成用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等自力作谓语,必需在此以前加结合动词。

(5)谓语动词单复数情势:单数情势的动词有:is,was,has,does和“动词+s”;复数情势的动词有:are,were,have和动词真相。其他动词不分单、复数。

记着:主语、谓语单复数必需连结一致。(拜见“四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and waterisnecessary to us all.(氛围和水对付咱们大师是必不成少的。)

(6)一般问句和反意问句的答复不利用举动动词,应当利用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do和变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? —-Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举行一次,是吗?—-是的。)

三、宾语:

(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充任,暗示动作的经受者是“谁”或是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and toldhimthe same thing.(阿谁天使一样来到约瑟夫眼前而且奉告他一样的事变。)(代词和名词充任两个宾语) / He told me that the companycould not afford to pay him so much money.(他奉告我说公司付不起他那末多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如斯爱好看足球以致于经常健忘了他们的作业。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童大夫是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)

(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,若是触及到事物,则必需在不及物动词后面加符合的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hearanything exciting?(你能听到甚么使人愉快的动静吗?)

(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,可是在疑难句中,若是宾语是疑难词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语若是是疑难词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? (他瞥见了甚么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用甚么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用甚么写的信?)

(4)“动词+副词+宾语”布局中,若是宾语是代词,则代词必需放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoesaway. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)

(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采纳两种布局:

①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives mesome help. (他经常帮我。)

②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注重,一般环境介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make mea kite.(请给我做个鹞子。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”布局中,若是宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则经常使用it做情势宾语,而将现实的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我察觉这个事情至关难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 宾语可以由从句充任,详见“宾语从句”。

四、表语:

(1) 阐明主语的身份、性子、状态等寄义的成份,凡是由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充任。如:He became a doctorafter he left high school.(高中结业他当上了大夫。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在何处。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何工具由于他患了重伤风。) / Who is it?(谁呀?)

(2) 表语只能放在结合动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 以后,对表语举行发问的句子除外。

(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,白话中经常使用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感乐趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并不是只有我才如许想的。)

(5) 表语也能够由从句充任,详见“表语从句”。

五、定语:

(1) 润饰名词或代词的成份,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、批示、疑难、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充任,在初三阶段还进修了定语从句做定语的常识。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) /France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国度。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的怙恃都是大学西席。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一生难忘的日子。)

(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被润饰的名词前面,并且有必定的顺序:

(3) 时候副词(now,then,today,yesterday,…)、地址副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,…作定语时放在被润饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,以是就一向呆在那儿。)

(4) 介词短语润饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的山公是昨天逮着的。)

(5) 形容词润饰复合不定代词时,往日后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不平常的事变。)

(6) 定语还可以用从句充任,详见 定语从句。

(7) 注重:因为定语属于润饰性的成份,是以它常归入主语、宾语、表语当中,不作为句子的重要成份。

六、状语:

(1) 阐明动作“什么时候”、“何地”、“若何”产生,或阐明形容词或副词的水平,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充任。如:I was not bornyesterday.(我又不是昨天才出生避世的娃娃。)/ For many of these familiesa college education was something new.(对此中的很多家庭来讲,大学教诲是件新事物。)/ He woke upto find his house on fire.(他醒来发明屋子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的事情被完成之前你不克不及分开)

(2) 副词作状语位置较为机动,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置和感化”;介词短语作状语,位置根基固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”;不定式作状语,一般暗示目标、成果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语情势”;从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”。

(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地址、后时候,先小观点、后大要念。如:He went ouf of the roomat a quarter to 23:00last nightand then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消散在暗中当中。) /

(4) 状语还可以用从句来充任,有时候状语从句、地址状语从句、缘由状语从句、目标状语从句、成果状语从句、比力状语从句、妥协状语从句、前提状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。

(5) 注重:因为状语属于润饰性的成份,常归入谓语,是以不作为句子的重要成份。

七、宾语补足语:

(1) 弥补阐明宾语的动作、状况的成份为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语情势(不定式、如今分词、曩昔分词等)、介词短语等充任。如:Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他高兴。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他来日诰日来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食品来。)

(2) 部门暗示位置、标的目的的副词也能够作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来!)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)

(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的环境,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语情势”相干内容。

十2、简略句五种根基句型:

句子包括重要句子成份(主语、谓语)和次要句子成份(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),依照动词的性子将英语简略句划分为如下五种根基句型:

一、根基句型的词序:

二、划分符号(没有同一划定,仅供参考):

三、例句:Jimis working[very hard] [now].(他如今正很是尽力地事情。)

Sheisyoung.(她年青。)Itlookslike rain. (天看上去要下雨。)

The boy[always] kickedthe dog [with his feet]. (这男孩总是用脚踢那只狗。)

Hehas [never] boughtmea toy[since last year]. (从客岁起他没给我买过一个玩具。)

Hefeltsomething (cold).(他感触有个冰凉的工具顺着腿上爬。)

四、英语词类与句子成份瓜葛图:

[注释] 一、“√”暗示某种词类可以充任某个成份, “√√”暗示某种词类常常充任某个成份, “√√√”暗示某种词类最常常充任某个成份。 “×”暗示某种词类不克不及充任某个成份。

二、“ * ”暗示该成份可以由从句充任,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。

作者: admin

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