小学是打好英语基础的关键时期,很多人表示,自己的小学英语成绩不是很好,英语基础不牢固,到了初中老师对小学知识就是一闪而过,后期跟不上老师上课的节奏。从而导致英语成绩一落千丈,想要跟上节奏,在英语学习上就要比其他同学付出好几倍的努力。由此可见小学英语基础是有多么的重要,以下是小编为大家整理的小学英语入门基础知识大全,看看你都学会了没有。
1、26个英文字母:
2、48个国际音标:
3、句子和词汇:
能够区分大小写,知道句子的书写格式以及标点符号的使用,同时词汇量最起码达到500个,知道一些单词的近义词和反义词。
4、词性:
1)名词单复数
一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books bag-bags cat-cats bed-beds
以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses box-boxes brush-brushes watch-watches
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i 再加-es,如:family-families strawberry-strawberries
以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v 再加-es,如:knife-knives
不规则名词复数:man-men woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen mouse-mice child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth fish-fish people-people Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper juice water milk rice tea
2)名词的格
有生命的东西的名词所有格:
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加’s 如:children’s shoes 并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:
a picture of the classroom a map of China
3)冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类
(a)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle
元音开头的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer/
an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail /
an address / an event / an example / an opera /
an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport /
an action movie / an art lesson /
(b)定冠词:the the egg the plane
定冠词的用法:
特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.
复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
在序数词前: John’s birthday is February the second.
用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening
不用冠词的情况:
专有名词前:China is a big country.
名词前有定语:this that my your some any no 等: This is my baseball.
复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
4)代词、形容词、副词
1.代词:人称代词,物主代词
人称代词物主代词
主格宾格
第一:人称单数I(我)memy(我的),复数we(我们)usour(我们的)
第二:人称单数you(你)youyour(你的),复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)
第三:人称单数he(他)himhis(他的),she(她)herher(她的),it(它)itits(它的)
复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)
5)形容词:比较级,最高级
(a)形容词的比较级:形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
(b)形容词加er的规则:
一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结尾,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ; 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。
(c)不规则形容词比较级:good-better beautiful-more beautiful
6)数词:基数词、序数词
(a)基数词:
(1)1-20:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2) 21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,
803→eight hundred and three
(4)1000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
(b)序数词:
(1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则变化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
7)介词:常用介词:in on at behind等
(a)at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
(b)on
(1)表示具体日期。
at(on)the weekend在周末—特指
at(on)weekends在周末—泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周末期间
(2)在(刚……)的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
(c)in
1)表示”时段”、”时期”,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。
in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)
在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)
5、语法
1)一般现在时:
(a)be动词:主语+be(am is are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
(b)行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he she it)时,要在动词后加”-s”或”-es”。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
(c)动词+s的变化规则
(1)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks milk-milks
(2)以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses wash-washes watch-watches go-goes
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i 再加-es,如:study-studies
2)一般过去时:
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:
A、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked learned cleaned visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived danced used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)
小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:
sing – sang eat – ate see – saw have – had
do – did go – went take – took buy – bought
get – got read – read fly – flew am/is – was
are – were say – said leave – left swim – swam
tell – told draw – drew come – came lose – lost
find – found drink – drank hurt – hurt feel – felt
3)一般将来时:
基本结构:
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)现在进行时: amisare+动词现在分词
动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing 如doing going working singing eating
② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running swimming sitting getting
6、句法
1)陈述句
(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:
I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
(2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:
I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.
2)疑问句
一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。
特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what where who which when whose why how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。
3)There be句型
There be 句型与have has的区别:
(1)There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)
(2)在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
(3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
(4) there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
(5)some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
(6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: What’s + 介词短语?
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