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?杭州高级中学英语教研组组长 吕贞锋
◆中学高级教师浙江 ◆省英语学科带头人
◆杭州师范大学教师教育讲习教授
一 新高考考试形式与试卷结构变化情况
浙江省新高考的首次外语考试将在明天，也就是10月16日开考。这次英语新高考与之前自主命题的浙江卷相比，考试形式与试卷结构均发生了如下重大变化：
?四个增加：增加了语篇补全（七选五），增加了语法填空，增加了一篇书面表达，增加了阅读理解和完形填空的单题分值。
?三个取消：取消了单项选择题，取消了任务型阅读题，取消了短文改错题。
?两个减少：减少了一篇阅读理解，并且题数由原来的20题减少到10题。
?一个不确定：写作部分第二篇不确定。读后续写或概要写作，“两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”。
此外，英语学科一年两考，一考两用，一次在6月份与高考语文、数学同步安排，仅限当年高考考生参加；另一次在10月份与其他学考科目同步安排。每次外语考试都兼具学考和高考两个功用，两次考试的学考等级和计入高考的卷面得分均由学生选择一次使用，考试卷面满分均为150分。还有，浙江新高考各科考试中，除了外语是用全国试卷以外，其他的科目都是浙江省自己命题。
由此可见，新高考改方革案并没有削弱英语学科，正相反，这进一步巩固了其和语文数学三足鼎立的重要地位。
但是，新高考带给考生的方方面面的挑战是显而易见的。如何应对这些重要的变化，如何帮助考生从容备考迎考，就成为首届新高考的所有参与者面临的迫在眉睫的任务。本文限于篇幅，仅就四个新题型做简单的解读，并提出具体的备考建议。
二 阅读补全
题型解读：《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“考查考生理解语篇上下文逻辑关系的能力”，要求考生根据所提供短文的内容（300字左右），从短文后所提供的7个选项中为每个小题选出一个最佳选项。该题型选项大致可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。
新题型七选五其实跟传统题型完形填空有相似之处，都是根据格式塔心理学原理，其“整体至上”的最高法则决定了考生不能局限于一句一空的意义上的简单连接，而是要着眼全段全文去考虑答案的选择。
答题建议：
1、确定短文体裁题材。从各地以往的真题卷和模拟卷来看，多以议论文和说明文为主，偶见记叙文。可以通过快读法（skimming），通过对主题句或者wh-信息的把握快速确定文章的大致内容，从而把握整体。
2、关注设空位置。以整段把握的视角，优先考虑选择小标题，段首句，主题句或者段尾句，段中句可以最后考虑。
3、理清细节逻辑。上下句或上下段的因果、转折、递进、并列，例证等等，都可以指向正确答案的选择。
4、查找信号词汇。代词，连词，特殊疑问词等等，都可以帮助考生从上下文快速捕捉关键信息，注意排除侥幸心理，所选答案必有依据。
三 语法填空
题型解读：《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法和语用知识的能力”，要求考生在一篇200字左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所提供的单词的正确形式。该题型本质上仍属于完形填空，只是不提供传统意义上的四个选项。考生须灵活运用词汇和语法知识，虚词如冠词、代词、介词、连接词；实词如名词单复数、形容词副词间的词性转换、动词时态语态和非谓语形式，以及构词法等判断各空白处应填写的内容。强调语用知识，注重学生对英语语言的实际应用能力的导向。
答题建议：
1、整体把握。快读全文，把握主要题材和内容，判断时态人称等基本形式，做到心中有数。
2、先易后难。优先填出比较明显的冠词代词类，或者固定搭配等，逐渐缩小难度范围。
3、语境支持。对于一些需要联系上下文才能填出的词要仔细分析语境，找到依据。
4、区别对待。关注两种设空形式：给词和不给词，一般提供实词基本形式。所以不给词的情形优先考虑冠词、代词、介词和连词四种虚词；给词的实词则关注名词的单复数，动词的形式变化，形容词副词的比较级最高级或者需用构词法进行词性转换等。
四 读后续写
题型解读：《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“提供一段350词以内的语言材料，要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标关键词进行续写（150词左右），将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。”
读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的考查形式，旨在考查学生的综合语言运用能力。多以记叙文故事类或夹叙夹议类文章为主，故事情节有曲折起伏，但故事线索的逻辑性比较强。与应用文不同，故事续写除了要求学生掌握丰富的词汇和句式外，还注重考查学生的内容构思和情节衔接的能力，把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力，以及对语篇结构的把控能力和创造性思维能力。
但是，读后续写要求的两段内容是要在两个首句开头语和原文中下划线关键词的“限定帮助”下完成，所以并不是可以随心所欲，脑洞大开。
续写大致可以分成两种主要的模式：n+n（两段均以记叙为主）或者n+a（第一段记叙，第二段纯议论）。
答题建议：
1、读懂原文。对于故事的关键线索和核心情节的精确掌控才会帮助考生判定其情节发展趋势，合理构思续写内容。
2、首句至上。两个首句中优先考虑第二段的首句，因为它既帮助确定第二段内容，而且还大致提示续写第一段的内容。甚至，第二段首句还基本确定了续写的模式。
3、模式切换。如果第二段首句确定了是n+n模式，则要求两段之间的情节设计需要考虑冲突加高潮，使故事有张力；如果是n+a模式，则要求在续写第一段结束故事，第二段的议论要贴切和富于启发。
4、关键词回扣。内容确定后，可以通过灵活的方式换写出5处以上的关键词。
总之，续写尽量做到“3c认证”，即coherence（衔接）， climax（高潮）和command（地道的语言）。
五 概要写作
题型解读： 《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求”，所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；（2）所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
概要写作同样是是基于阅读理解的一种书面表达形式，是对所读过的文章简要概括，把文章的重要信息进行梳理，并通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，用合适的语言如具有概括功能的词和句表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键信息的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
答题建议：
1、快读原文。要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。如果是议论文或说明文，则重点关注每段或每部分的主题或话题，如果是记叙文则关注wh- 信息，做到快速
捕捉原文主要内容，大致确定改写范围。
2、列出要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序，不随意整合。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的重要内容。
3、合理换写。不能使用原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的语言表达，至少可以对原文句子做一些同义词替换或是词汇句型的转化。
4、注意衔接。理清要点间的逻辑，使用合理的连接词对要点进行合理衔接。
5、心中有“数”。重温要点，点点数清楚。另外，篇幅不能超出80词或少于40词。
新高考，新题型，新挑战，新机遇。新的一切都需要以新的姿态去迎接，希望以上的备考建议能对考生有所帮助。
浙江省英语学高考作文之读后续写
?杭州学军中学英语教师 袁秀珍
本文是学军中学高三学生的作业讲评之–读后续写。希望对高三党的作文有一定的指导意义、
写作指导：
1、把握文章大意，找出情节铺垫的线索(theme; character; plot)；
james(character 1) shook hismoney box again. nothing! he carefully counted the coins that lay on the bed.$24.52 was all that he had. the bicyclehe wanted was $90! how on earth was he going to get the rest of themoney? he knew that his friends (character 2) all had bicycles. it was hard to hang around with people whenyou were the only one without wheels. (plot) he thought about what he coulddo. there was no need to ask his parents(character 3), for heknew they had no money to spare.
there was only one way to get money, and that was to earnit.(theme) he would have to find a job. but who would hire him andwhat could he do? he decided to ask mr clay(character 4) foradvice, who usually had opinions on most things.
“well, you can start right here,” said mr clay.”my windows need cleaning and my car needs washing.”
that was thebeginning of james’s odd-job (零工)business. for three months heworked every day after finishing his homework. he was surprised by the various jobs that people found for himto do. (plot) he took dogs andbabies for walks, cleared out cupboards, and mended books. he lost count of thenumber of cars he washed and windows he cleaned, but the money increased and heknew that he would soon have enough for the bicyclehe was longed for.
the day finally came when james counted his money and found$94.32. he wasted no time and went down to the shop to pick up the bicyclehe wanted.
it had been hard work for the money (theme), but james knew that he valued(重视) his bicycle farmore since he had bought it with his own money(theme). he hadachieved what he thought was impossible, and that was worth even more than the bicycle.
2、依据所给的开头语，进行合理的思维拓展，所写内容要符合情节发展。
james wanted a bicycle ?neither he nor his parents have money?to earn it?mr. clay?odd-job business ?bicycle earned
para1：应描述james 购得自行车后的情形；
?his friends(character2)?to win their admiration
?his parents(character3)?to share joy
?mr. clay (character4)?to express gratitude
para2：表达这一经历对于他多年后的人生的影响。
?hard work does work wonders (theme1)
?to become others’ “mr. clay” (theme2)
写作过程中，考生应运用关键词，在此基础上，注重表达。
语言风格应与原文保持一致，尽量使用高级复杂结构，使文章生动丰满。
善用点题的技巧，注意前后呼应，使文章浑然一体。
eg1. “it was hardto hang around with people when you were the only one without wheels.”
?(para1)james managed to hang out with hisfriends now that he has owned his own bicycle.
前后呼应
eg2. bicycle (as a symbol of hardworking spirit)
but whatmade people curious was that there was still a worn-out bicyclein hishouse. “why don’t you just throw and but a new one?” his friends asked him.james smiled, “when i see the bike, i recall my childhood and it reminds me ofthe significance of hard work.”
one possible development:
he rode proudly home, looking forward to showing his new bicycleto his friends. hisfriendswere morethan glad that james owned his bicycle so that they could make a trip together.excited and confident, james told them the fact that he spent spare time doing various jobsto realize his dream with money earned by himself. all of his friendsadmired him for his hard work, expressing that they would learn from him,achieving their goals without giving up. going home happily, james wasencouraged and required by his parents to thankmr. clay for the odd-jobbusinesshe offered. thinking of so many surprising jobs, james understoodall of them, moved to tears.
manyyears later, james succeeded inrunning a company with the name of good opinions.he was willing to give good opinions to poor people in difficulties, offeringvarious jobs and helpful equipment to help them overcome all the challenges andlive happy lives. he used his life to thank mr. clay and spread his kindspirits.
问题所在：
1、 单句与单句之间或用从属连词连接，使其成为主从复合句；或用并列连词and等连接；千万不能单句与单句之间用逗号连接。
2、 主谓一致（特别是当主语是单三时）
3、 前后时态要一致
4、 注意worth—adj.的用法
一个很值得一去的博物馆 a museum ______ ______ a visit / ________(visit)
买自行车需要付出辛苦工作，但很值得。___________________________________________________
5、 对”odd-jobbusiness”的理解
“many years later, james succeeded in odd-job business.”“odd-jobbusiness”指零工，james事业有成，应该是从打零工的经历中得到灵感，创办了相关企业，而不是在打零工这件事上大获成功。
6、 对主题的理解（错在哪里？）
(?)james said that everyone can besuccessful if they focus on smallthings.
(?)as he has had achieved lots of thingshe thought was impossible at first, he knew aman’s belief can turn the impossible into the possible.
(?)he always told young people that it was important to get along well with othersand fit into society in a young age.
(?) mr. clay was right: a man can start at any point, even theodd-business. where there is a will, there is a way.
goodsentences：
1. (主题+点题)many yearslater, james succeeded in his own business. he had already had three rolls-royce cars, but that old bicyclewas preserved well in his ownhouse. it was the first one he bought himself and the one he would treasureforever. he would never forget the happiness when he knew his hard work and his friends’ help hadpaid off.
2. (语言)life is not about waiting for the storm to pass but about learning to dance in the rain.
3. (主题)and james usuallyoffered his help to confused people to make their way to success just like ms.clay who made a difference tohis life.
4. (主题)it always remindedhim that the key to success is workinghardfor the dream.
5. (主题+点题)it wasjames’hard workthat made everythingcome true just like the first bikehe owned.
6. when asked about the secret of success,he said the fruit that youplanted onyour ownis the sweetest.
problems about the interpretation of thetheme
学生习作欣赏：（interestingdevelopment）
上文简评：________________________
5班夏天骁
上文简评：_______________________
6班应逸平
上文简评：_________________________
上文简评：_______________________________
王寓捷’s writing 22分
he rode proudly home, looking forward toshowing his new bicycle to his friends. his new bicycle won his friends’ greatadmiration. james gained a great sense of achievement on the grounds thathisbicycle was bought by himself instead of by his parents, which was differentfrom his friends. it was his laborious odd-job business that led him to realizethat in order to be successful, he would have to depend on himself.
many years later, james succeeded in doing business. time hasn’tdimmed the thrill memory in his mind. he is grateful to ms. clay who taught hima meaningful lesson. the bicycle remained in his big house. once he findshimself in trouble, he will look at it and look back upon the past. then hewill gain enough encouragement.
本文为中国教育在线浙江高考帮独家约稿 转载请注明来源
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