admin
英语从句（Subordination）
英语从句重要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）
一．定语从句
1． 定语从句：由瓜葛代词 who, whom, whose, that, which; 瓜葛副词 when, where, why 指导。
1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.
2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend.
3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.
4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.
5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.
7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn’t finish it in time.
8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.
9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.
10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
2． 只能用that和who指导的定语从句
A．all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时
B．先行词前有形容词最高档润饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.
C．先行词前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词润饰时，指导词只能用that。
D．当先行词是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，后面要用who或whom；
● All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并不是都是金子。
3． as 指导定语从句
as 指导的定语从句有两种情势：
A．指导限定性语从句。
在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用组成，“such… as”，“the same… as”和“as …as”句型，可取代先行词。
比方：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 咱们但愿获得他正在用的那种东西。
B．as 指导非限定性定语从句时，感化与which不异，as作为瓜葛代词取代全部主句。
［注重区分］：
as 指导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which指导的定语从句不克不及放在句首。
比方：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
二．状语从句
① 缘由：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason….
② 成果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result ….
③ 时候：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays …
④ 前提：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc.
⑤ 妥协：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when→ whatever / however / whenever ….
⑥ 目标：in order that, in order to, to,
⑦ 比力：than, as … as, by comparison（相比力），by contrast（相比照）….
三．名词性从句
凡是由 that或疑难词导出。
1. How some ma妹妹als came to live in the sea is not know.（主语从句）
2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句）
3. The problem is what we’ll do next.（表语从句）
4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）
同位语（Appositive）:
同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各种测验中的一个考点，同时，在写作中准确应用同位语可使你的句型加倍简便得体。
When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
（当伦敦动物园接到陈述说，在伦敦以南45英里处发明一只美洲狮时，这些陈述并无遭到器重。）
在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它原本应当放在 “reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成份 came into London zoo的后面，目标是让句型显得更加持重。
I．简略影象：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的诠释的句子。
I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday.
（that 指导的句子诠释了news的内容，注重：that不做任何成份）
We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad.
（that 指导的句子诠释了fact的内容）
II．遐想影象：
能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信奉），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谎言），evidence（证据），conclusion（结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发 现）explanation（诠释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（许诺），report（陈述），statement（声明），knowledge（常识），opinion（概念），likelihood（可能性）
III．要点：
● 同位语一般由that指导，但也能够用瓜葛代词which, who, what和瓜葛副词when, where, why, how或 whether 指导。
There arouse the question whether we could win the game.
I have no idea howto explain it.
● 一些介词词组后面也能指导同位语从句。（很是经典之功效句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，无妨一试！）：
on the assumption（在……条件下），
on the ground（因为……缘由），
on the condition that（在……前提下），
with the exception（有……破例）
owing to the fact（因为……究竟）；
on the understanding（基于……理解）；
The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa.
IV．分开式同位语从句
为了使句型均衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾
An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter.
I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie “Titanic”.
V. 同位语从句与定语从句之区分
简略影象：定语从句的指导词 that 或 which在句子顶用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的指导词that只起毗连主句和从句之感化，不消作任何成份。
示例：I’ve got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成份)
I’ve got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）
VI．重点：可以充任同位语的词组或短语。
1）名词短语。（使句型更加简便）
Bill Clinton, the president of America, 
came to China to pay an official visit in 1998.
Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.
2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更加流利）
I’m crazy about the game, playing baseball.
Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.
3）不定式短语。（目生只是把握的起头）
The problem what to do next remains unsolved.
Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.
4）形容词词组。（有逗号离隔）
All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.
Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.
VII. 同位语的指导词。
指导词用来暗示同位语与它所阐明的同位成份之间的瓜葛：
1．namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是说）, in other words（换句话说）, or, for short 暗示同等瓜葛。
2．such as, say, so to speak（比方说）, including（包含）, for instance（或 for example (e.g. / eg），暗示举例和罗列瓜葛。
3．especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly暗示凸起重点，（在高难度浏览中暗示后面的部门为更首要或更凸起的部门，是出题的关头点。）
