1.字母:26个字母的巨细写
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.语音:元音的发音
五个元音字母:AEIOU
12个单位音:
前元音:[i:] [?] /e/ [?]
中元音:[?:] [?]
后元音:[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u :] [?] [?]
双元音(8个)
Ⅰ.合口双元音(5个)[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i]
Ⅱ.集中双元音(3个) [i?][ε?][u?]
3.辞汇:辞汇量,近反义词
4.句子:巨细写,标点符号
第二部门:语法常识
一
名词
名词单复数,名词的格局
(一)名词单复数
1.一般环境,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2.以s. x. sh. ch末端,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3.以“子音字母+y”末端,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4.以“f或fe”末端,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
5.不法则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
不成数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
(1) 有生命的工具的名词所有格:
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 末端的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 末端的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
l并列名词中,若是把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,暗示共有, 如:
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
l要暗示所有物不是共有的,应别离在并列名词后加’s
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)暗示无生命工具的名词通经常使用“ of +名词”来暗示所有瓜葛:如:a picture of the classroom a map of China
二
冠词
不定冠词,定冠词种类:
(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle
元音开首的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane
2. 用法:
定冠词的用法:
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
(2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
(3)谈话两边都晓得的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
(4)在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second.
(5)用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
不消冠词的环境:
(1)专着名词前:China is a big country.
(2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:
This is my baseball.
(3)复数名词暗示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
(4)在节日,日期,月份,季候前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
(5)每日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
(6)球类 棋类活动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
(8)在称号或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
三
代词、形容词、副词
代词:人称代词,物主代词
人称代词物主代词
主格宾格
第一
人称单数I(我)memy(我的)
复数we(咱们)usour(咱们的)
第二
人称单数you(你)youyour(你的)
复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)
第三
人称单数he(他)himhis(他的)
she(她)herher(她的)
it(它)itits(它的)
复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)
形容词,副词:比力级,最高档
(一)、形容词的比力级
一、形容词比力级在句子中的应用:两个事物某人的比力用比力级,比力级后面一般带有单词than。比力级前面可以用more, a little来润饰暗示水平。than后的人称代词用主格(白话中可用宾格)。
2.形容词加er的法则:
⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;
⑵ 以字母e 末端,加r ;
⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个子音字母末端,应双写末尾的子音字母,再加er ;
⑷ 以“子音字母+y”末端,先把y变i,再加er 。
3.不法则形容词比力级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比力级
1.形容词与副词的区分(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词以前或be动词以后
⑵副词在句子中最多见的是处于实义动词以后
2.副词比力级的变革法则根基与形容词比力级不异(不法则变革:well-better, far-farther)
四
数词:基数词、序数词
(1)1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
序数词
(1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不法则变革
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以y末端的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变成序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
基数词转为序数词的口诀:
基变序,有纪律,词尾加之-th.
一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母t,d,d.
八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。
ty将y酿成i,th前面有个e.
如果碰着几十几,前用基来后用序。
五
介词
经常使用介词:in, on, at, behind等
1. at暗示时候观点的某一个点。(在某时刻、时候、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、午时)
2.on
1)暗示详细日期。
注:(1)关于”在周末”的几种暗示法:
at(on)the weekend 在周末—特指
at(on)weekends 在周末—泛指
over the weekend 在全部周末
during the weekend 在周末时代
(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas?
2)在(刚……)的时辰。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给怙恃打了一个德律风。
3.in
1)暗示”时段”、”时代”,在大都环境下可以和during交换,前者夸大比拟,后者夸大延续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十仲春、二十世纪)
六
动词:动词的四种时态
(1)一般如今时:
一般如今时的组成
1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 举动动词:主语+举动动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 咱们进修英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加”-s”或”-es”。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜好汉语。
动词+s的变革法则
1.一般环境下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o末端,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“子音字母+y”末端,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
(2)一般曩昔时:
动词曩昔式详解 动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有:
A、法则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e末端的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以子音字母加y末端的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注重play、stay不是子音字母加y,以是不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B、不法则动词(此类词并没有法则,须熟记)小学阶段要记着如下动词的真相和曩昔式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(3)一般未来时:
根基布局:
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swi妹妹ing tomorrow(来日诰日). = I will go swi妹妹ing tomorrow.
(4)如今举行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词
动词如今分词详解 动词的ing情势的构陈规则:
① 一般的直接在后面加之ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 末端的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词少少)有:running , swi妹妹ing , sitting , getting
第三部门:句法
0 1
报告句
(1)必定句:是指用必定的语气来报告的句子,如:I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are
four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
(2)、否认句:含有否认词或暗示否认意义词的句子,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.
0 2
疑难句
一般疑难句:是指扣问究竟的句子,此类句子必需用“yes”,或“no”来答复。
特别疑难句:以特别疑难词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开首指导的句子。此类句子应当问甚么就答甚么,不克不及用“yes 、no”来答复。
0 3
There be句型
There be 句型与have, has的区分
一、There be 句型暗示:在某地有某物(某人)
二、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 若有几件物品,be 动词按照最*近be 动词的阿谁名词决议。
三、there be 句型的否认句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑难句把be 动词调到句首。
四、there be句型与have(has) 的区分:there be 暗示在某地有某物(某人);have(has) 暗示或人具有某物。
五、some 和any 在there be 句型中的应用:some 用于必定句, any 用于否认句或疑难句。
六、and 和or 在there be句型中的应用:and 用于必定句, or 用于否认句或疑难句。
七、针对数目发问的特别疑难句的根基布局是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不成数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
八、针对主语发问的特别疑难句的根基布局是:
What’s + 介词短语?